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colour band also returned a distinct difference, with a mean value for road over twice that of rough pasture. The last two sample areas gave a clear indicator for use in the identification of rough pasture. When these are combined with the vector attributes (symbol search and nearest neighbour probability) the algorithm is equipped with a robust means of ensuring as many areas of this type of land cover are identified and removed from the search as possible. In other words it a user (of the proposed image search process) was seeking to identify a crop type (or disease within that crop type etc.) they could easily set the process to discount rough pasture from the analysis. 97
4 Testing This chapter describes a set of tests for known polygon types in the imagery being used in the study. Four land use types were selected; pasture, rough pasture, marsh and bog; and the polygons clipped from the raster imagery for spectral analysis. The process followed the outline presented in Chapter 2, with the vector coordinates being identified from the ordnance survey data. This set of coordinates was then used to extract the corresponding section of image, which in turn was analyzed for its spectral values. The overall results were good in terms of there being unique proportional pixel count values present in the polygons (selected from across the image with typical biasing factors such as shade present). Of the four sample areas, bog and pasture had the least amount of standard deviation –it was possible to automatically classify pasture even with a high proportion of shade present in the image section. Marsh and rough pasture had similar levels of standard deviation but can be distinguished by a dip in values between the shade and vegetation range in rough pasture, which was not present in the marsh polygons. This chapter is divided into four sections; as with the previous chapter the results are grouped according to a particular area of interest, starting with a look at the values from the known pasture polygons. 98
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Automated Aerial Image Analysis usi
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Contents ii Page Certificate of Aut
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List of Figures iv Page Figure 1: A
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Abstract This study sets out an alg
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The process was designed so that it
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• Something capable of handling i
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of a control to calibrate most of t
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1.2 General Introduction and Backgr
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the higher the chances of successfu
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overlaid aerial imagery. This is du
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upper case, beginning with lower ca
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a selected study area. This is poss
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2 Stepping through the Algorithm Th
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The process can also be coded into
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Aerial imagery is a form of databas
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The software required for this step
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study area from the photography and
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The areas extracted were placed int
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ands was detected the standard devi
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2.4 Confirmation The final stage of
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3 Sampling for the Baseline Image K
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Figure 3: Road area and vector data
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(The previous samples were compared
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Road test sample 2 Mean pixel value
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3.2 Water Figure 4: Typical Water A
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The purpose of this thesis is to id
Page 53 and 54: present in the target area (or its
Page 55 and 56: possible to quickly process each se
Page 57 and 58: Marsh Sample 1 Mean Pixel Value Sta
Page 59 and 60: Marsh test Sample 1 (Pasture) Mean
Page 61 and 62: form both pasture and road/ paving
Page 63 and 64: Forest Sample 1 Mean pixel value St
Page 65 and 66: Coniferous forestry test sample 1 (
Page 67 and 68: whole was not analyzed but individu
Page 69 and 70: infrared signatures to identify the
Page 71 and 72: sampled in this study. In relation
Page 73 and 74: 3.6 Track Figure 9: Typical Track A
Page 75 and 76: surface area that might have been i
Page 77 and 78: (Phynn et al, 2002). In this study
Page 79 and 80: 3.7 Shade Figure 10: Typical Shade
Page 81 and 82: currently available for all areas a
Page 83 and 84: trends of bordering polygons mentio
Page 85 and 86: 3.8 Roof Areas Figure 12: Typical R
Page 87 and 88: Figure 13: Distribution of Building
Page 89 and 90: These mean greyscale pixel values f
Page 91 and 92: Roof test sample 1 Mean pixel value
Page 93 and 94: 3.9 Pasture Figure 15: Typical Past
Page 95 and 96: From the above samples, samples 4 a
Page 97 and 98: For the track/ hard cover the diffe
Page 99 and 100: 3.10 Rough Pasture Figure 16: Typic
Page 101 and 102: The identification of rough pasture
Page 103: cycle being suggested here to prese
Page 107 and 108: Figure 17: Creating the ASCII file
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20: Green colour band for pa
Page 113 and 114: The peak for the green colour band,
Page 117 and 118: Figure 31: Vector data for rough pa
Page 119 and 120: Figure 34: Green colour band for ro
Page 123 and 124: The peak for the green colour band,
Page 127 and 128: The first sample area came from a p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 47: Red colour band for mars
Page 131 and 132: Figure 50: Aerial view of marsh tes
Page 133 and 134: from which any variance would flag
Page 135 and 136: Figure 55: Red colour band for mars
Page 137 and 138: Figure 57: Aerial view of marsh tes
Page 139 and 140: 4.4 Bog Test The sampling for areas
Page 141 and 142: Figure 62: Red colour band for bog
Page 143 and 144: Figure 65: Vector data for bog test
Page 145 and 146: The histogram for the green colour
Page 147 and 148: Figure 70: Aerial view for bog test
Page 149 and 150: This trend was continued for the bl
Page 151 and 152: The green colour band pixel count a
Page 153 and 154: 4.5 Conclusion Image segmentation i
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5 Literature Review The goal of thi
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shown give a more detailed picture
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dependencies” (Kettling, P.330).
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identifying coffee plantations from
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apply an algorithm to colour the da
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In 2002 S. Phinn, M. Stanford, P. S
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with the authors work for a softwar
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ased analysis, solely spectral base
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16*16 pixels as urban or nonurban.
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as roads and car parks are so simil
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H. van der Werff and F. van der Mee
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Shen, S. S., Badhwar, G. D., and Ca
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