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Figure 69: Blue colour band for bog test 2 The third sample for the bog land area type took a large section of bog to the north west of the imagery, which was exported from the vector software as a set of co- ordinates in ASCII format. It is worth noting that this format has been used throughout this study as it allows for easy manipulation of the files and would make them compatible with a GML routine, but the sets of co-ordinates can also be contained in a ESRI shape file (.shp) and this could then be used to cut the sections with the software used here. The downside to this, however, is that the sets cannot be (as easily) fed into reports or user created routines. 139
Figure 70: Aerial view for bog test 3 The results across all three colour bands were similar to the first two test samples and matched the expected values identified in the sampling section of this study, which indicates for general areas of raised bog this algorithm gives an accurate indicator of total area. This may not be the case for more remote sections of this land type, found on mountain ranges. The algorithm is dependant on closed vector polygons, which are available for almost all of the country, with the exception of high mountains. In those cases it would be necessary to re-set the image key to search for values of exposed rock and determine the proportional difference between the expected bog values and those for exposed rock in much larger mountainous polygons –this is something which the algorithm can be adapted for but is not attempted here as the focus is on matching generic land use types as much as possible (the larger mountain areas would contain a mix of marsh, bog, exposed rock and vegetation). 140
Page 1 and 2:
Automated Aerial Image Analysis usi
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Contents ii Page Certificate of Aut
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List of Figures iv Page Figure 1: A
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Abstract This study sets out an alg
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The process was designed so that it
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• Something capable of handling i
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of a control to calibrate most of t
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1.2 General Introduction and Backgr
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the higher the chances of successfu
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overlaid aerial imagery. This is du
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upper case, beginning with lower ca
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a selected study area. This is poss
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2 Stepping through the Algorithm Th
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The process can also be coded into
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Aerial imagery is a form of databas
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The software required for this step
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study area from the photography and
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The areas extracted were placed int
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ands was detected the standard devi
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2.4 Confirmation The final stage of
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3 Sampling for the Baseline Image K
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Figure 3: Road area and vector data
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(The previous samples were compared
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Road test sample 2 Mean pixel value
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3.2 Water Figure 4: Typical Water A
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The purpose of this thesis is to id
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present in the target area (or its
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possible to quickly process each se
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Marsh Sample 1 Mean Pixel Value Sta
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Marsh test Sample 1 (Pasture) Mean
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form both pasture and road/ paving
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Forest Sample 1 Mean pixel value St
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Coniferous forestry test sample 1 (
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whole was not analyzed but individu
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infrared signatures to identify the
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sampled in this study. In relation
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3.6 Track Figure 9: Typical Track A
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surface area that might have been i
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(Phynn et al, 2002). In this study
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3.7 Shade Figure 10: Typical Shade
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currently available for all areas a
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trends of bordering polygons mentio
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3.8 Roof Areas Figure 12: Typical R
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Figure 13: Distribution of Building
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These mean greyscale pixel values f
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Roof test sample 1 Mean pixel value
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3.9 Pasture Figure 15: Typical Past
Page 95 and 96: From the above samples, samples 4 a
Page 97 and 98: For the track/ hard cover the diffe
Page 99 and 100: 3.10 Rough Pasture Figure 16: Typic
Page 101 and 102: The identification of rough pasture
Page 103 and 104: cycle being suggested here to prese
Page 105 and 106: 4 Testing This chapter describes a
Page 107 and 108: Figure 17: Creating the ASCII file
Page 109 and 110: Figure 20: Green colour band for pa
Page 113 and 114: The peak for the green colour band,
Page 117 and 118: Figure 31: Vector data for rough pa
Page 119 and 120: Figure 34: Green colour band for ro
Page 123 and 124: The peak for the green colour band,
Page 127 and 128: The first sample area came from a p
Page 129 and 130: Figure 47: Red colour band for mars
Page 131 and 132: Figure 50: Aerial view of marsh tes
Page 133 and 134: from which any variance would flag
Page 135 and 136: Figure 55: Red colour band for mars
Page 137 and 138: Figure 57: Aerial view of marsh tes
Page 139 and 140: 4.4 Bog Test The sampling for areas
Page 141 and 142: Figure 62: Red colour band for bog
Page 143 and 144: Figure 65: Vector data for bog test
Page 145: The histogram for the green colour
Page 149 and 150: This trend was continued for the bl
Page 151 and 152: The green colour band pixel count a
Page 153 and 154: 4.5 Conclusion Image segmentation i
Page 155 and 156: 5 Literature Review The goal of thi
Page 157 and 158: shown give a more detailed picture
Page 159 and 160: dependencies” (Kettling, P.330).
Page 161 and 162: identifying coffee plantations from
Page 163 and 164: apply an algorithm to colour the da
Page 165 and 166: In 2002 S. Phinn, M. Stanford, P. S
Page 167 and 168: with the authors work for a softwar
Page 169 and 170: ased analysis, solely spectral base
Page 171 and 172: 16*16 pixels as urban or nonurban.
Page 173 and 174: as roads and car parks are so simil
Page 175 and 176: H. van der Werff and F. van der Mee
Page 177: Shen, S. S., Badhwar, G. D., and Ca
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