CMS Manual System - Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals

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It is essential both to communicate transmission-based precautions to all health care personnel, and for personnel to comply with requirements. Pertinent signage (i.e., isolation precautions) and verbal reporting between staff can enhance compliance with transmission-based precautions to help minimize the transmission of infections within the facility. It is important to use the standard approaches, as defined by the CDC for transmission-based precautions: airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. 95 The category of transmission-based precaution determines the type of PPE to be used. Communication (e.g., verbal reports, signage) regarding the particular type of precaution to be utilized is important. When transmission-based precautions are in place, PPE should be readily available. Proper hand washing remains a key preventive measure, regardless of the type of transmission-based precaution employed. Transmission-based precautions are maintained for as long as necessary to prevent the transmission of infection. It is appropriate to use the least restrictive approach possible that adequately protects the resident and others. Maintaining isolation longer than necessary may adversely affect psychosocial well-being. The facility should document in the medical record the rationale for the selected transmission-based precautions. Airborne Precautions Airborne precautions prevent the transmission of organisms that remain infectious when suspended in the air (e.g., varicella zoster (shingles) and M. tuberculosis). Resident health activities related to infection control include tuberculosis (TB) screening and management of active cases, consistent with State requirements. Management of some airborne infections such as active TB requires a single-resident airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) that is equipped with special air handling and ventilation capacity. Although not all residents with airborne infections will require an AIIR, residents with infections requiring an AIIR may need to be transported to an acute care setting unless the facility can place the resident in a private AIIR room with the door closed. In cases when AIIR is required it is important for the facility to have a plan in place to effectively manage a situation involving a resident with suspected or active TB while awaiting the resident‘s transfer to an acute care setting. Personnel caring for residents on airborne precautions should wear a mask or respirator that is donned prior to room entry, depending on the disease-specific recommendations. 96 Depending on the condition, staff can use N95 or higher level respirators or wear masks if respirators are not available. Contact Precautions Contact transmission risk requires the use of contact precautions to prevent infections that are spread by person-to-person contact. Contact precautions require the use of appropriate PPE, including a gown and gloves upon entering the contact precaution room. Prior to leaving the contact precaution room the PPE is removed and hand hygiene is performed.
Depending on the situation, options for residents on contact precautions may include the following: a private room, cohorting, or sharing a room with a roommate with limited risk factors (e.g., without indwelling devices, without pressure ulcers and not immunocompromised). Droplet Precautions In contrast to contact transmission, respiratory droplets transmit infections directly from the respiratory tract of an infected individual to susceptible mucosal surfaces of the recipient. Since this generally occurs at close proximity, facial protection is necessary. Respiratory droplets are generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks; or during procedures such as suctioning, endotracheal intubation, cough induction by chest physiotherapy, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Studies have shown that respiratory viruses can enter the body via the nasal mucosa, conjunctivae and less frequently the mouth. 97 Examples of droplet-borne organisms that may cause infections include, but are not limited to influenza and mycoplasma. The maximum distance for droplet transmission is currently unresolved, but the area of defined risk based on epidemiological findings is approximately 3-10 feet. 98 In contrast to airborne pathogens, droplet-borne pathogens are generally not transmitted through the air over long distances. Masks are to be used within approximately 6 to 10 feet of a resident or upon entry into a resident‘s room with respiratory droplet precautions. Residents with droplet precautions are placed in either a private room, cohorted, or share a room with a roommate with limited risk factors. Implementation of Transmission-Based Precautions It is important that facility staff clearly identify the type of precautions and the appropriate PPE to be used in the care of the resident. The PPE should be readily available near the entrance to the resident‘s room. Signage can be posted on the resident‘s door instructing visitors to see the nurse before entering. It is not always possible to identify prospectively residents needing transmission-based precautions. The diagnosis of many infections is based on clinical signs and symptoms, but often requires laboratory confirmation. However, since laboratory tests (especially those that depend on culture techniques) may require two or more days to complete, transmission-based precautions may need to be implemented while test results are pending, based on the clinical presentation and the likely category of pathogens. 99 The use of appropriate transmission-based precautions when a resident develops symptoms or signs of a transmissible infection or arrives at a nursing home with symptoms of an infection (pending laboratory confirmation) reduces transmission opportunities. However, once it is confirmed that the resident is no longer a risk for transmitting the infection, removing transmission-based precautions avoids unnecessary social isolation. Safe Water Precautions Safe drinking water is also critical to controlling the spread of infections. The facility is responsible for maintaining a safe and sanitary water supply, by meeting nationally recognized standards set by the FDA for drinking water (
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CMS Manual System Pub. 100-07 State
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State Operations Manual Appendix PP
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§483.25(n) Influenza and Pneumococ
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(including eligibility, coverage, c
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___________________________________
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Procedures §483.10(a)(3) and (4) D
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―Advance directive‖ means a wri
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§483.10(b)(5) -- The facility must
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Provide written information concern
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___________________________________
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§483.10(c)(3) Deposit of Funds (i)
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Were limits placed on amounts that
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___________________________________
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(B) Dietary services as required at
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medical service that is recognized
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satisfactorily resolved by discussi
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(i) Transfer to another health care
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Interpretive Guidelines §483.10(g)
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(ii) Any representative of the Stat
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___________________________________
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efore the resident may exercise tha
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§483.12(a) Transfer, and Discharge
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§483.10(o), Tag F177, addresses th
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Look for changes in source of payme
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How to notify the ombudsman (name,
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___________________________________
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Interpretive Guidelines §483.12(d)
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Interpretive Guidelines §483.12(d)
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―Convenience‖ is defined as any
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order reflecting the presence of a
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consistently implemented. Determine
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monitored separation from other Res
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to prevent occurrences, monitoring
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injurious behaviors, residents with
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A certified nurse aide found guilty
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o Day-to-day use of plastic cutlery
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for the resident‘s safety. For ex
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If a facility changes its policy to
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___________________________________
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Staff should strive to reasonably a
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egarding medical information. The f
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The report stated that, ―Resident
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If not contraindicated, modifying t
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o Visual interaction and to compens
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For residents from diverse ethnic o
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Encouraging volunteer-type work tha
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12 Christenson, M.A. (1996). Enviro
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selected this activity. The Nationa
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Interview the social services staff
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Identifies how the facility will pr
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o Determine if the facility has acc
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(ii) Has 2 years of experience in a
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Once the team has completed its inv
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___________________________________
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transportation services that are no
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F252 (Rev. 66, Issued: 10-01-10, Ef
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Although this Tag can be used for i
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___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Intent §483.20 To provide the faci
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(vii) Psychosocial well-being ―Ps
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___________________________________
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Resident‘s decision making change
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___________________________________
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(i) Admission assessment. (ii) Annu
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Completing an assessment that is no
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Interpretive Guidelines §483.20(h)
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Submitting correction(s) to informa
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If the resident has refused treatme
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. Do the dietitian and speech thera
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Are physicians‘ orders carried ou
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What types of pre-discharge prepara
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If the resident‘s PAS report indi
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Briefly review the assessment, care
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and knowledge of the resident, shou
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Determine whether the facility had
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NOTE: Guidance regarding pressure u
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The resident has the right to refus
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others being hypersensitivity, idio
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Examples of clinical resources avai
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indicators which may represent pain
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• Impact of pain on quality of li
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National Center for Complementary a
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3 National Center for Complementary
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The objective of this protocol is t
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How effective the interventions hav
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Nurse Interview. Interview a nurse
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Communicated with the health care p
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qualified persons with input from t
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of pain. First, the team must rule
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The resident experienced daily or l
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Extensive Assistance - While reside
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Procedures: §483.25(a)(1)(ii) Dete
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Identify if resident triggers CAAs
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USE OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, OR OTHER F
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___________________________________
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Probes: §483.25(b) Identify if res
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―Debridement‖- Debridement is t
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OVERVIEW A pressure ulcer can occur
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procedures, during prolonged ambula
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Assessment of a resident‘s skin c
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Both urine and feces contain substa
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use of lifting devices for repositi
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in accord with resident‘s overall
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Whether pain, if present, is being
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Some clinicians utilize validated i
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generally impairs wound healing, se
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15 Fuhrer M., Garber S., Rintola D.
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of Localized Chronic Wound Infectio
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Previously unidentified open areas;
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complications including reassessmen
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If not, the development of the pres
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o Determine if the care plan was pe
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Examples of possible avoidable nega
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(Rev. 66, Issued: 10-01-10, Effecti
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later stages of dementia, diabetes,
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the resident‘s concerns and offer
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Functional and cognitive capabiliti
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toileting and response to specific
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cognitive deficit—provided that t
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the epidermis (comparable to a deep
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adequate. Based on the resident‘s
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Follow-Up of UTIs rectal temperatur
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9 Maki, D.G. & Tambyah, P.A. (2001)
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Whether the resident is on a schedu
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catheter/continence services. Reque
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Defines the catheter, tubing and ba
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If the attending physician is unava
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Assess, prevent (to the extent poss
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perform relevant activities of dail
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Requires immediate correction, as t
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The failures of the facility to pro
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Identify if resident triggers CAAs
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Probes: §483.25(f)(1) For sampled
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___________________________________
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Using universal precautions and cle
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Monitor the effectiveness of the
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Directs resources to address safety
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Monitoring is the process of evalua
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those (e.g., disease, environment)
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Addressing the factors for the fall
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155°F 148°F 140°F 133°F 127°F
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NOTE: The Safe Medical Devices Act
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ENDNOTES 1 Centers for Medicare & M
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Use To evaluate whether the facilit
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2. Interview The adequacy of the su
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Changes in condition such as the ab
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Noncompliance for F323 After comple
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Once the survey team has completed
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Unsafe wandering and/or elopement t
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Severity Level 1 Considerations: No
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―Qualified dietitian‖ refers to
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Current standards of practice recom
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dry mouth, and diseases of the orop
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Based on analysis of relevant infor
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For many residents (including overw
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In deciding whether and how to inte
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End-of-Life Resident choices and cl
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11 Chouinard, J. (2000). Dysphagia
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Objectives Use INVESTIGATIVE PROTOC
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Nutrition interventions, such as sn
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Whether the facility identified res
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Review of Facility Practices Relate
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42 CFR §483.20(b)(1), Tag F272, Co
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DEFICIENCY CATEGORIZATION (Part IV,
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If immediate jeopardy has been rule
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Intent §483.25(j) The intent of th
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Is proper administration technique
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§483.25(k)(5) Standard: Tracheal S
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(v) In the presence of adverse cons
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physical actions such as: pacing, c
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o Support decisions about modifying
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individual with dementia, to improv
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Medication management is based in t
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Whether the signs, symptoms, or rel
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o Pain; o Chronic psychiatric illne
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Common Conditions/ Symptoms Example
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Identifying the essential informati
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necessarily indicate a need for dos
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Sometimes, the decision about wheth
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The continued use is in accordance
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J., & Bates, D.W. (2005). Incidence
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(NSAIDs) Medication Issues and Conc
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Antibiotics Medication Issues and C
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Medication Issues and Concerns prim
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Medication Issues and Concerns Mono
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chlorpropamide glyburide Antifungal
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Medication Issues and Concerns MAO
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Medication Issues and Concerns days
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Medication Issues and Concerns Medi
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uspirone Medication Issues and Conc
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Medication Issues and Concerns amio
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Medication Issues and Concerns Angi
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Nitrates, e.g., Medication Issues a
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Medication Issues and Concerns Anti
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Medication Issues and Concerns esom
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Medication Issues and Concerns laxa
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Medication Issues and Concerns Resp
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Medication Issues and Concerns hygi
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Medication Issues and Concerns All
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iperiden trihexyphenidyl olanzapine
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NOTE: This review is not intended t
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If during the review, you identify
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How he/she approaches the MRR proce
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o Failure to monitor a medication c
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42 CFR 483.20(b), F272, Comprehensi
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Complications (such as diarrhea wit
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NOTE: If Severity Level 3 (actual h
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―Resident Condition‖ -- The res
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Medication Errors Due to Failure to
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Medications Administered with Enter
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if the facility uses the ―recap
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technique requires a comparison of
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eaction to the vaccine than would h
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o Persons who are 50 years of age o
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Sampling: To determine if education
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Processes to address issues that ar
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The facility failed to document tha
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Requires immediate correction as th
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(ii) other nursing personnel. §483
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(3) The State finds that, for any p
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(A) Has only patients whose physici
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For SNFs and SNF/NFs which may be w
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Assessing special nutritional needs
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Probes: §483.35(c)(1) Are resident
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___________________________________
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Interpretive Guidelines: §483.35(f
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―Food Preparation‖ refers to th
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for growth of harmful pathogens. Ba
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Source of Primary Agents of Primary
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Food Receiving and Storage When foo
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specified below will either kill da
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may consist of a combination of foo
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at the manifold, which is the area
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INVESTIGATIVE PROTOCOL SANITARY CON
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2. Interview Observe that foods are
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cooling, and ensure that PHF/TCS fo
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2. Degree of harm (actual or potent
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Severity Level 1 Considerations: No
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Intent: §483.35(h) The intent of t
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Whether they are assisting assigned
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and drink. If concerns are identifi
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Compliance with 42 CFR 483.35(h), F
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eligibility to eat and drink with a
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Examples of the facility‘s non-co
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delegating and supervising follow-u
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Probes: §483.40(b) Do services ord
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For what reasons are residents sent
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(2) Obtain the required services fr
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Probes: §483.45(a)(1)(2) 1. For ph
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a care plan must be developed, foll
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Are residents missing teeth and may
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Definitions are provided to clarify
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The National Coordinating Council f
Page 509 and 510: Establish procedures that address m
Page 511 and 512: How the receipt of medications from
Page 513 and 514: Documentation of actual disposition
Page 515 and 516: the pharmaceutical services. Fourth
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Page 519 and 520: The facility in collaboration with
Page 521 and 522: (2) The pharmacist must report any
Page 523 and 524: errors, or other irregularities, an
Page 525 and 526: NOTE: The surveyor‘s review of me
Page 527 and 528: o Seizure activity; o Spontaneous o
Page 529 and 530: Common Medication-Medication Intera
Page 531 and 532: The identification of any irregular
Page 533 and 534: aspects of pharmaceutical services.
Page 535 and 536: The pharmacist‘s MRR failed to id
Page 537 and 538: (3) Determines that drug records ar
Page 539 and 540: During a medication pass, medicatio
Page 541 and 542: This requirement has several aspect
Page 543 and 544: Determine whether the noncompliance
Page 545 and 546: §483.65 Infection Control The faci
Page 547 and 548: ―Contact precautions‖ are measu
Page 549 and 550: Critical aspects of the infection p
Page 551 and 552: Conducting data analysis to help de
Page 553 and 554: observations of staff practices and
Page 555 and 556: Complications from invasive diagnos
Page 557 and 558: Airborne transmission can occur by
Page 559: After removing gloves or aprons; an
Page 563 and 564: tears or holes be replaced. It is r
Page 565 and 566: ENDNOTES 68 Siegel, J.D., Rhinehart
Page 567 and 568: Guidelines for environmental infect
Page 570 and 571: INVESTIGATIVE PROTOCOL FOR INFECTIO
Page 572 and 573: Multiple use items (e.g., shower ch
Page 574 and 575: Interview the Designated Infection
Page 576 and 577: Utilize infection precautions to mi
Page 578 and 579: Properly implement transmission bas
Page 580 and 581: influenza in residents on another,
Page 582 and 583: §483.70(a)(6)(ii) The dispensers a
Page 584 and 585: Additional guidance is available in
Page 586 and 587: §483.70(d)(1)(i) Accommodate no mo
Page 588 and 589: Procedures: §483.70(d)(1)(iv) Ther
Page 590 and 591: Interpretive Guidelines: §483.70(d
Page 592 and 593: centralized nursing station, this c
Page 594 and 595: Are spaces adaptable for all intend
Page 596 and 597: defined as substandard quality of c
Page 598 and 599: (ii) Responsible for the management
Page 600 and 601: Probes: §483.75(e)(2 - 4) During a
Page 602 and 603: 1919(e)(2)(A) of the Act the facili
Page 604 and 605: Interpretive Guidelines: §483.75(f
Page 606 and 607: The medical director helps the faci
Page 608 and 609: MEDICAL DIRECTION The facility is r
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The medical director is responsible
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REFERENCES 1 Pattee JJ, Otteson OJ.
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support with ventilators, intraveno
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The medical director provides input
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V. DEFICIENCY CATEGORIZATION (Part
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NOTE: If immediate jeopardy has bee
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Intent: §483.75(j)(1) The intent o
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Probes: §483.75(j)(1)(i) - (iv) Ar
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An inability to order radiological
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There is a written policy, at the h
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If there is a problem with confiden
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(i) Residents will be transferred f
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Preventing deviation from care proc
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Meetings of the QAA committee must
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INVESTIGATIVE PROTOCOL QUALITY ASSE
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The assigned surveyor should interv
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2. Degree of harm (actual or potent
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The facility‘s QAA committee meet
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R04SOM 11/12/2004 Guidance to Surve
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e. Special Care Fl19____ Receiving
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Form CMS-672 (10/10) ReSIDent CenSu
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Form CMS-672 (10/10) ReSIDent CenSu
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERV
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22. Psychoactive Medications: If th
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16. Weight Change/Nutrition/Swallow
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RESIDENT REVIEW WORKSHEET (continue
Page 662:
RESIDENT REVIEW WORKSHEET (continue
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CMS Manual System - Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals

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