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Gaspar-Marques, C., Simoes, M.F., Valdeira, M.L., Rodriguez, B. (2008) Terpenoids and phenolics from Plectranthus strigosus, bioactivity screening, Natural Product Research, Part A: Structure and Synthesis, 22, 167-177 (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Grob, K., Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1978) Leaf gland pigments from labiates structures of 16 diterpenoids (coleons and royleanones) from Coleus coerulescens Guerke, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 61, 871-884 Guerrero, I.C., Andres, L.S., Leon, L.G., Machin, R.P., Padron, J.M., Luis, J.G. and Delgadillo, J. (2006) Abietane diterpenoids from Salvia pachyphylla and S. clevelandii with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, Journal of Natural Products, 69, 1803-1805 Guo, P. (2006) A chinese medicinal composition for treating liver function impairment, and its preparation method, (Pang Guo, Peop. Rep. China) Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu, Patent number CN 1718225, Patent Application number CN 2004-10027950 (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006) Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow, Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 27, 1-93 Gurgel, A.P.A.D., da Silva, J.G., Grangeiro, A.R.S., Oliveira, D.C., Lima, C.M.P., da Silva, A.C.P., Oliveira, R.A.G., Souza, I.A. (2009) In vivo study of the anti- infammatory and antitumor activities of leaves from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng (Lamiaceae), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125, 361-363 Han, L.K., Morimoto, C., Yu, R.-H. and Okuda, H. (2005) Effects of Coleus forskohlii on fat storage in ovariectomized rats, Yakugaku Zasshi, 125, 449-453 (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Hensch, M., Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1975) Horminone, taxoquinone, and other royleanones obtained from two Abyssinian Plectranthus species (Labiatae), Helvetica Chimica Acta, 58, 1921-1934 Horvath, T., Linden, A., Yoshizaki, F., Eugster, C. H. and Ruedi, P. (2004) Abietanes and a novel 20-norabietanoid from Plectranthus cyaneus (Lamiaceae), Helvetica Chimica Acta, 87, 2346-2353 83
Hulme, M. (1954) Wild flowers of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Shuter and Shooter, Plates 26 and 29 Hutchings, A., Scott, A.H., Lewis, G. and Cunningham, A. (1996) Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, pp 270-271 Ignacimuthu, S., Ayyanar, M. and Sivaraman, S.K. (2006) Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu (India), Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2, 25-31 Jiali, W., Menghuan, L., Junying, L., Jie, H. and Yingjie, C. (2007) Traditional Chinese medicine composition for relaxing uterus and alleviating dysmenorrhea, (Yangsen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Peop. Rep. China) Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu, Patent number CN 101069679, Patent Application number CN 2006- 10081834, 11pp (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Jian, L., Jiashuo, Z., Zhihe, C., Yunlong, X. and Qiduan, J. (2006) Chinese medicine composition for treating asthma and cough and its preparation, (Yunnan Yunhe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Peoples Republic of China), Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu, Patent number CN 1872146, Patent application number CN 2006-10010797, 13pp (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Jonathan, L.T., Che, C.-T., Pezzuto, J.M., Fong, H.H.S. and Farnsworth, N.R. (1989) 7- O-methylhorminone and other cytotoxic diterpene quinones from Lepechinia bullata, Journal of Natural Products, 52, 571-575 Jui-Yu, W., Chia-Ming, C., Tsun-Min, C. and Yu-Shan, C. (2009) Plectranthus amboinicus extract for treating rheumatoid arthritis, (Development Center for Biotechnology, Taiwan) Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu, Patent number CN 101491573, Patent Application number CN 2008-10001091, 38pp (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Kabouche, A., Kabouche, Z., Ozturk, M., Kolak, U. and Topcu, G. (2007) Antioxidant abietane diterpenoids from Salvia barrelieri, Food Chemistry, 102, 1281-1287 Karanatsios, D. Scarpa, J. S. and Eugster, C. H. (1966) Structure of fuerstion, Helvetica Chimica Act, 49, 1151-1172 Kazuo, T. (2006) Body hair-growth inhibitors containing skin-care agents and body- slimming agents, (Japan) Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, Patent number JP 2006016373, 84
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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY
Page 3 and 4:
Preface The experimental work descr
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements First and foremost
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GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass spe
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Table 19: NMR data of compound III
Page 11 and 12:
Spectrum 1d: Expanded DEPT spectrum
Page 13 and 14:
Compound V, stigmasterol 217 Spectr
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2 19 1 4 18 O 20 5 Structures of co
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3.4 Results and Discussion of the c
Page 19 and 20:
compounds are also classified as tr
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1 H CO2H 19 20 CHO 18 10 5 H 12 14
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may be referred to as a norabietane
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In the mevalonic acid pathway, the
Page 27 and 28:
N thiamine diphosphate (TPP) O OH N
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in the kauranes. From the kauranes,
Page 31 and 32:
References Abad, A., Agullo, C., Cu
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The flower colour varies among the
Page 35 and 36:
Clade 1 unplaced groups Group A: Pl
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different medical conditions and in
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Plectranthus species Skin condition
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Plectranthus species Heart, circula
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Use of the minimum inhibitory conce
Page 45 and 46:
Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Plectranthus species Extraction med
Page 49 and 50: Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
Page 51 and 52: Methanol, ethanol and water seem to
Page 53 and 54: Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
Page 55 and 56: Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
Page 57 and 58: variation is observed within ring B
Page 59 and 60: Compound Name Synonym 39 40 41 42 4
Page 61 and 62: compounds (Table 6b). Depending on
Page 63 and 64: Table 6c: Royleanone-type abietanes
Page 65 and 66: R 1 R2CH2 19 O H 3CCO 19 O H 6 12 O
Page 67 and 68: Compound Name Synonym 81 82 83 84 8
Page 69 and 70: Compound Name Synonym 104 105 106 1
Page 71 and 72: R 1 19 3 3 1 18 1 18 20 20 O H O H
Page 73 and 74: educed furan ring. The linear side
Page 75 and 76: Compound Name Synonym HCO O 128 129
Page 77 and 78: Thirty-six compounds (131-167) havi
Page 79 and 80: Compound Name Synonym 147 148 HO HO
Page 81 and 82: In compounds 149-165 (Table 9b), an
Page 83 and 84: Compound Name Synonym 163 164 165 R
Page 85 and 86: Table 9c: Coleon-type abietanes wit
Page 87 and 88: 1 18 3 20 4 O 5 19 R 1 R2 11 9 10 A
Page 89 and 90: The majority of the abietanes isola
Page 91 and 92: Plectranthus species Plant part Com
Page 93 and 94: The leaves seem to be the most freq
Page 95 and 96: Table 14 contains six abietanes iso
Page 97 and 98: References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 99: Cos, P., Hermans, N., de Bryne, T.,
Page 103 and 104: Lingling, X., Jie, L., Weijia, L. a
Page 105 and 106: Oliveira, P.M., Alves, R.B., Ferrei
Page 107 and 108: Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1977)
Page 109 and 110: Ulubelen, A., Birman, H., Oksuz, S.
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 3 Extractives from Plectran
Page 113 and 114: 4 20 10 O H 19 18 6 7 OH OH C 13 R
Page 115 and 116: a few cases (specifically stated in
Page 117 and 118: The leaves (184.63g) were air-dried
Page 119 and 120: The ethyl acetate extract (0.98g) w
Page 121 and 122: 3.4.1 Structural elucidation of Com
Page 123 and 124: esonance showed HMBC correlations t
Page 125 and 126: esonance at δC 185.76 of C-14 is a
Page 127 and 128: Position Moiety Compound I 3 CH2 5
Page 129 and 130: Table 18: 13 C NMR data for compoun
Page 131 and 132: The equatorial methyl group at C-4,
Page 133 and 134: The proton NMR data for compound II
Page 135 and 136: Position 6 7 Compound III (400MHz)
Page 137 and 138: 3.4.3 Structure elucidation of Comp
Page 139 and 140: showed HMBC correlations to another
Page 141 and 142: H HO 3 OH H 2 4 24 eq 1 23 5 ax Hax
Page 143 and 144: HO HO Position 2 23 4 10 24 25 26 9
Page 145 and 146: Position Compound IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 b
Page 147 and 148: multiplet at δH 1.91 (H-21) and a
Page 149 and 150: 1 H Position Compound VI Burns et a
Page 151 and 152:
Ultraviolet spectrum (λ max): 192n
Page 153 and 154:
References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The
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Laing, M.D., Drewes, S.E. and Gurla
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van Vuuren, S. (2007) The antimicro
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Since the 7α-isomers of compounds
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eing incubated for 24 hours at 37°
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This indicated that the dihydroxy c
Page 165 and 166:
acetic acid and air drying the plat
Page 167 and 168:
whereas GI50 values for the renal a
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Table 28: Growth inhibition values
Page 171 and 172:
Gaspar-Marques, C., Duarte, M.A., S
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 5 Conclusion The aim of thi
Page 175 and 176:
References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 177 and 178:
Table of Contents Page Compound I,
Page 179 and 180:
Compound II, 6β,7β-dihydroxyroyle
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Compound IV, euscaphic acid HO HO 2
Page 183:
HO Compound VI, lupeol 3 24 25 26 2
Page 236 and 237:
HO 218
Page 238 and 239:
HO 220
Page 240 and 241:
222
Page 242 and 243:
225
Page 244 and 245:
227
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