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Numata, A., Yang, P., Takahashi, C., Fujika, R., Nabae, M. and Fujita, E. (1989) Cytotoxic triterpenes from a Chinese Medicine, Goreishi, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37, 648-651 Pereda-Miranda, R. and Gascon-Figueroa, M. (1988) Chemistry of Hyptis Mutabilis: New pentacyclic triterpenoids, Journal of Natural Products, 51, 996-998 Ragasa, C.Y., Alimboyoguen, A.B. and Rideout, J.A. (2007) A triterpene from Rosa sp., Journal of Research Science, Computing and Engineering, 4, 5pp Rasikari, H. (2007) Phytochemistry and arthropod bioactivity of Australian Lamiaceae, PhD Thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 290pp, http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/9 (accessed on 22/10/2010) Saeed, M.A. and Sabir, A.W. (2003) Irritant potential of some constituents from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming, Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 5, 35-41 Sakai, T. and Nakagawa, Y. (1988) Diterpenic stress metabolites from Cassava roots, Phytochemistry, 27, 3769-3779 Shirota, O., Tamemura, T., Morita, H., Takeya, K. and Itokawa, H. (1996) Triterpenes from Brazilian medicinal plant “Chuchuhuasi” (Maytenus krukovii), Journal of Natural Products, 59, 1072-1075 Sivarajan, V.V. and Balachandran, I. (1986) Botanical notes on the identity of certain herbs used in Ayurvedic medicines in Kerala, III. Hribera and Amragandha, Ancient Science of Life, 5, 250-254 Takahashi, K., Kawaguchi, S., Nishimura, K-I., Kubota, K., Tanabe, Y. and Takani, M. (1974) Studies on constituents of medicinal plants. XIII. 1) Constituents of the pericarps of the capsules of Euscaphis japonica Pax. (1), Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 22, 650-653 Teixeira, A.P., Batista, O., Simoes, M.F., Nascimento, J., Duarte, A., de La Torre, M.C. and Rodriguez, B. (1997) Abietane diterpenoids from Plectranthus grandidentatus, Phytochemistry, 44, 325-327 van Jaarsveld, E.J. (2006) The Southern African Plectranthus and the art of turning shade to glade, Fernwood Press, 176pp 139
van Vuuren, S. (2007) The antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of medicinal aromatic plants used in African traditional healing, PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 305pp van Zyl, R.L., Khan, F., Edwards, T.J. and Drewes, S.E. (2008) Antiplasmodial activities of some abietane diterpenes from the leaves of five Plectranthus species, South African Journal of Science, 104, 62-64 Wang, B-G. and Jia, Z-J. (1998) Triterpene and triterpene glycosyl ester from Rubus pungens Camb. var. Oldhamii, Phytochemistry, 49, 185-188 Wellsow, J., Grayer, R.J., Veitch, N.C., Kokubun, T., Lelli, R., Kite, G.C. and Simmonds, M.S.J. (2006) Insect-antifeedant and antibacterial activity of diterpenoids from species of Plectranthus, Phytochemistry, 67, 1818-1825 140
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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY
Page 3 and 4:
Preface The experimental work descr
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 7 and 8:
GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass spe
Page 9 and 10:
Table 19: NMR data of compound III
Page 11 and 12:
Spectrum 1d: Expanded DEPT spectrum
Page 13 and 14:
Compound V, stigmasterol 217 Spectr
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2 19 1 4 18 O 20 5 Structures of co
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3.4 Results and Discussion of the c
Page 19 and 20:
compounds are also classified as tr
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1 H CO2H 19 20 CHO 18 10 5 H 12 14
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may be referred to as a norabietane
Page 25 and 26:
In the mevalonic acid pathway, the
Page 27 and 28:
N thiamine diphosphate (TPP) O OH N
Page 29 and 30:
in the kauranes. From the kauranes,
Page 31 and 32:
References Abad, A., Agullo, C., Cu
Page 33 and 34:
The flower colour varies among the
Page 35 and 36:
Clade 1 unplaced groups Group A: Pl
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different medical conditions and in
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Plectranthus species Skin condition
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Plectranthus species Heart, circula
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Use of the minimum inhibitory conce
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Plectranthus species Extraction med
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Methanol, ethanol and water seem to
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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variation is observed within ring B
Page 59 and 60:
Compound Name Synonym 39 40 41 42 4
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compounds (Table 6b). Depending on
Page 63 and 64:
Table 6c: Royleanone-type abietanes
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R 1 R2CH2 19 O H 3CCO 19 O H 6 12 O
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Compound Name Synonym 81 82 83 84 8
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Compound Name Synonym 104 105 106 1
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R 1 19 3 3 1 18 1 18 20 20 O H O H
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educed furan ring. The linear side
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Compound Name Synonym HCO O 128 129
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Thirty-six compounds (131-167) havi
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Compound Name Synonym 147 148 HO HO
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In compounds 149-165 (Table 9b), an
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Compound Name Synonym 163 164 165 R
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Table 9c: Coleon-type abietanes wit
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1 18 3 20 4 O 5 19 R 1 R2 11 9 10 A
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The majority of the abietanes isola
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Plectranthus species Plant part Com
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The leaves seem to be the most freq
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Table 14 contains six abietanes iso
Page 97 and 98:
References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
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Cos, P., Hermans, N., de Bryne, T.,
Page 101 and 102:
Hulme, M. (1954) Wild flowers of Na
Page 103 and 104:
Lingling, X., Jie, L., Weijia, L. a
Page 105 and 106: Oliveira, P.M., Alves, R.B., Ferrei
Page 107 and 108: Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1977)
Page 109 and 110: Ulubelen, A., Birman, H., Oksuz, S.
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 3 Extractives from Plectran
Page 113 and 114: 4 20 10 O H 19 18 6 7 OH OH C 13 R
Page 115 and 116: a few cases (specifically stated in
Page 117 and 118: The leaves (184.63g) were air-dried
Page 119 and 120: The ethyl acetate extract (0.98g) w
Page 121 and 122: 3.4.1 Structural elucidation of Com
Page 123 and 124: esonance showed HMBC correlations t
Page 125 and 126: esonance at δC 185.76 of C-14 is a
Page 127 and 128: Position Moiety Compound I 3 CH2 5
Page 129 and 130: Table 18: 13 C NMR data for compoun
Page 131 and 132: The equatorial methyl group at C-4,
Page 133 and 134: The proton NMR data for compound II
Page 135 and 136: Position 6 7 Compound III (400MHz)
Page 137 and 138: 3.4.3 Structure elucidation of Comp
Page 139 and 140: showed HMBC correlations to another
Page 141 and 142: H HO 3 OH H 2 4 24 eq 1 23 5 ax Hax
Page 143 and 144: HO HO Position 2 23 4 10 24 25 26 9
Page 145 and 146: Position Compound IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 b
Page 147 and 148: multiplet at δH 1.91 (H-21) and a
Page 149 and 150: 1 H Position Compound VI Burns et a
Page 151 and 152: Ultraviolet spectrum (λ max): 192n
Page 153 and 154: References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The
Page 155: Laing, M.D., Drewes, S.E. and Gurla
Page 159 and 160: Since the 7α-isomers of compounds
Page 161 and 162: eing incubated for 24 hours at 37°
Page 163 and 164: This indicated that the dihydroxy c
Page 165 and 166: acetic acid and air drying the plat
Page 167 and 168: whereas GI50 values for the renal a
Page 169 and 170: Table 28: Growth inhibition values
Page 171 and 172: Gaspar-Marques, C., Duarte, M.A., S
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 5 Conclusion The aim of thi
Page 175 and 176: References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 177 and 178: Table of Contents Page Compound I,
Page 179 and 180: Compound II, 6β,7β-dihydroxyroyle
Page 181 and 182: Compound IV, euscaphic acid HO HO 2
Page 183: HO Compound VI, lupeol 3 24 25 26 2
Page 236 and 237:
HO 218
Page 238 and 239:
HO 220
Page 240 and 241:
222
Page 242 and 243:
225
Page 244 and 245:
227
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