References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The diterpenes <strong>of</strong> the genus Erythroxylum P. Browne, University <strong>of</strong> Natal, South Africa, PhD Thesis, pp. 37-43, 247-248, 250-251 Banno, N., Akihisa, T., Tokuda, H., Yasukawa, K., Taguchi, Y., Akazawa, H., Ukiya, M., Kimura, Y., Suzuki, T. <strong>and</strong> Nishino, H. (2005) Anti-inflammatory <strong>and</strong> anti-tumor promoting effects <strong>of</strong> the triterpene acids from the leaves <strong>of</strong> Eriobotrya japonica, Biological <strong>and</strong> Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28, 1995-1999 Brieskorn, C.H. <strong>and</strong> Riedel, W. (1977) Triterpene acids from Coleus amboinicus Loureiro, Archiv der Pharmazie, 310, 910-916 (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Cerqueira, F., Cordeira-Da-Silva, A., Gaspar-Marques, C., Simoes, F., Pinto, M.M.M. <strong>and</strong> Nascimento, M.S.J. (2004) Effect <strong>of</strong> abietane diterpenes from Plectranthus gr<strong>and</strong>identatus on T- <strong>and</strong> B-lymphocyte proliferation, Bioorganic <strong>and</strong> Medicinal Chemistry, 12, 217-223 Ch<strong>and</strong>el, R.S. <strong>and</strong> Rastogi, R.P. (1977) Acuminatic acid, a new triterpene from Pygeum acuminatum Coleb., Indian Journal <strong>of</strong> Chemistry, Section B: Organic Chemistry including Medicinal Chemistry, 15B, 914-16 (abstract from Scifinder Scholar 2007) Cheng, J.-J., Zhang, L.-J., Cheng, H.-L., Chiou, C.-T., Lee, I.-J. <strong>and</strong> Kuo, Y.-H. (2010) Cytotoxic hexacyclic triterpene acids from Euscaphis japonica, Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products, 73, 1655-1658 El<strong>of</strong>f, J.N. (1998) A sensitive <strong>and</strong> quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration <strong>of</strong> plant extracts for bacteria, Planta Medica, 64, 711-713 Fouche, G., Cragg, G.M., Pillay, P., Kolesnikova, N., Maharaj, V.J. <strong>and</strong> Senabe, J. (2008) In vitro anticancer screening <strong>of</strong> South African plants, Journal <strong>of</strong> Ethnopharmacology, 119, 455-461 Fouche, G., Khorombi, E., Kolesnikova, N., Maharaj, V.J., van der Merwe, M. <strong>and</strong> Nthambeleni, R. (2006) Investigation <strong>of</strong> South African plants for anticancer activity, Pharmacologyonline, 3, 494-500 Gaspar-Marques, C., Pedro, M., Simoes, M.F.A., Nascimento, M.S.J., Pinto, M.M.M. <strong>and</strong> Rodriguez, B. (2002) Effect <strong>of</strong> abietane diterpenes from Plectranthus gr<strong>and</strong>identatus on the growth <strong>of</strong> human cancer cell lines, Planta Medica, 68, 839-840 153
Gaspar-Marques, C., Duarte, M.A., Simoes, M.F., Rijo, P. <strong>and</strong> Rodriguez, B. (2006) Abietanes from Plectranthus gr<strong>and</strong>identatus <strong>and</strong> P. hereroensis against methicillin- <strong>and</strong> vancomycin-resistant bacteria, Phytomedicine, 13, 267-271 Guerrero, I.C., Andres, L.S., Leon, L.G., Machin, R.P., Padron, J.M., Luis, J.G. <strong>and</strong> Delgadillo, J. (2006) Abietane diterpenoids from Salvia pachyphylla <strong>and</strong> S. clevel<strong>and</strong>ii with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products, 69, 1803-1805 Jovel, E.M., Zhou, X.L., Ming, D.S., Wahbe, T.R. <strong>and</strong> Towers, G.H.N. (2007) Bioactivity-guided isolated <strong>of</strong> the active compounds from Rosa nutkana <strong>and</strong> quantitative analysis <strong>of</strong> ascorbic acid by HPLC, Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Physiology <strong>and</strong> Pharmacology, 85, 865-871 Kunzle, J.M., Ruedi, P. <strong>and</strong> Eugster, C.H. (1987) Isolation <strong>and</strong> structure elucidation <strong>of</strong> 36 diterpenoids from trichomes <strong>of</strong> Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) T.T. Aye., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 70, 1911-29 Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Williamson, E.M. <strong>and</strong> Gibbons, S. (2004) Fundamentals <strong>of</strong> Pharmacognosy <strong>and</strong> Phytotherapy, Churchill Livingstone, 131pp Lai, C.-S., Mas, R.H.M.H., Nair, N.K., Mansor, S.M. <strong>and</strong> Navaratnam, V. (2010) Chemical constituents <strong>and</strong> in vitro anticancer activity <strong>of</strong> Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae), Journal <strong>of</strong> Ethnopharmacology, 127, 486-494 Laing, M.D., Drewes, S.E. <strong>and</strong> Gurlal, P. (2008) Extracts <strong>of</strong> Plectranthus hadiensis, argentatus or myrianthus for the treatment <strong>of</strong> microbial infection, Publication number WO/2008/001278, 10pp, http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo (last date accessed 05/12/2010) Misra, P.S., Misra, G., Nigam, S.K., Mitra, C.R. (1971) Constituents <strong>of</strong> Plectranthus rugosus, Llyodia, 34, 265-266 Monks, A., Scudiero, D., Skehan, P., Shoemaker, R., Paull, K., Vistica, D., Hose, C., Langley, J., Cronise, P., Vaigro-Wolff, A., Gray-Goodrich, M., Campbell, H., Mayo, J. <strong>and</strong> Boyd, M. (1991) Feasibility <strong>of</strong> a high-flux anticancer drug screen using a diverse panel <strong>of</strong> cultured human tumor cell lines, Articles, 83, 757-766 Moodley, N. (2004) The chemical investigation <strong>of</strong> the Amaryllidaceae <strong>and</strong> Hyacinthaceae, University <strong>of</strong> KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, PhD thesis, pp 162-167 154
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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY
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Preface The experimental work descr
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass spe
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Table 19: NMR data of compound III
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Spectrum 1d: Expanded DEPT spectrum
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Compound V, stigmasterol 217 Spectr
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2 19 1 4 18 O 20 5 Structures of co
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3.4 Results and Discussion of the c
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compounds are also classified as tr
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1 H CO2H 19 20 CHO 18 10 5 H 12 14
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may be referred to as a norabietane
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In the mevalonic acid pathway, the
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N thiamine diphosphate (TPP) O OH N
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in the kauranes. From the kauranes,
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References Abad, A., Agullo, C., Cu
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The flower colour varies among the
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Clade 1 unplaced groups Group A: Pl
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different medical conditions and in
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Plectranthus species Skin condition
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Plectranthus species Heart, circula
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Use of the minimum inhibitory conce
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Plectranthus species Extraction med
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Methanol, ethanol and water seem to
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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variation is observed within ring B
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Compound Name Synonym 39 40 41 42 4
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compounds (Table 6b). Depending on
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Table 6c: Royleanone-type abietanes
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R 1 R2CH2 19 O H 3CCO 19 O H 6 12 O
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Compound Name Synonym 81 82 83 84 8
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Compound Name Synonym 104 105 106 1
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R 1 19 3 3 1 18 1 18 20 20 O H O H
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educed furan ring. The linear side
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Compound Name Synonym HCO O 128 129
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Thirty-six compounds (131-167) havi
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Compound Name Synonym 147 148 HO HO
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In compounds 149-165 (Table 9b), an
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Compound Name Synonym 163 164 165 R
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Table 9c: Coleon-type abietanes wit
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1 18 3 20 4 O 5 19 R 1 R2 11 9 10 A
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The majority of the abietanes isola
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Plectranthus species Plant part Com
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The leaves seem to be the most freq
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Table 14 contains six abietanes iso
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References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
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Cos, P., Hermans, N., de Bryne, T.,
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Hulme, M. (1954) Wild flowers of Na
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Lingling, X., Jie, L., Weijia, L. a
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Oliveira, P.M., Alves, R.B., Ferrei
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Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1977)
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Ulubelen, A., Birman, H., Oksuz, S.
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Chapter 3 Extractives from Plectran
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4 20 10 O H 19 18 6 7 OH OH C 13 R
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a few cases (specifically stated in
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The leaves (184.63g) were air-dried
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- Page 143 and 144: HO HO Position 2 23 4 10 24 25 26 9
- Page 145 and 146: Position Compound IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 b
- Page 147 and 148: multiplet at δH 1.91 (H-21) and a
- Page 149 and 150: 1 H Position Compound VI Burns et a
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- Page 153 and 154: References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The
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- Page 157 and 158: van Vuuren, S. (2007) The antimicro
- Page 159 and 160: Since the 7α-isomers of compounds
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HO 218
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HO 220
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222
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225
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227
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