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Compound Name Synonym 33 34 35 36 37 38 Continued on next page…… 6β,7α,12-trihydroxy- 8,12-abietadiene-11,14dione 6β,7β,12-trihydroxy- 8,12-abietadiene-11,14- dione 7α-acyloxy-6β,12dihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-11,14-dione 7α-acetoxy-6β,12dihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-11,14-dione 7β-acetoxy-6β,12dihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-11,14-dione 7α-formyloxy-6β,12dihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-11,14-dione 6β,7αdihydroxyroyleanone 6β,7βdihydroxyroyleanone 7α-acyloxy-6βhydroxyroyleanone 7α-acetoxy-6βhydroxyroyleanone 7β-acetoxy-6βhydroxyroyleanone 7α-formyloxy-6β- hydroxyroyleanone Isolated from Plectranthus (P) or Coleus (C) species P. grandidentatus; C. carnosus; P. argentatus; *Plectranthus species; P. sanguineus; P. edulis; P. hadiensis; P. fasciculatus Reference Gaspar-Marques et al., 2006; Gaspar-Marques et al., 2002; Cerqueira et al., 2004; Yoshizaki et al., 1979; Alder et al., 1984a; Hensch et al., 1975; Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987; Kunzle et al., 1987; Laing et al., 2006; Rasikari, 2007 C. zeylanicus Mehrota et al., 1989 P. grandidentatus P. grandidentatus; C. carnosus; P. argentatus; *Plectranthus species; C. zeylanicus; P. sanguineus; P. hadiensis; P. actites Cerqueira et al., 2004; Gaspar-Marques et al., 2002 Teixera et al., 1997; Gaspar-Marques et al., 2006; Gaspar-Marques et al., 2002; Cerqueira et al., 2004; Yoshizaki et al., 1979; Alder et al., 1984a; Hensch et al., 1975; Mehrotra et al., 1989; Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987; van Zyl et al., 2008; Rasikari, 2007 C. zeylanicus Mehrotra et al., 1989 P. myrianthus; P. argentatus; P. hadiensis; P. sanguineus Miyase et al., 1977a; Alder et al., 1984a; van Zyl et al., 2008; Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987 41
Compound Name Synonym 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 * unknown species 6β-formyloxy-7α,12dihydroxy-8,12- abietadiene-11,14-dione 12-hydroxy-8,12abietadiene-7,11,14- trione 6β,12-dihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-7,11,14- trione 7α-acetoxy-6β,12,20trihydroxy-8,12abietadiene-11,14-dione 12-hydroxy-6,8,12abietatriene-11,14-dione 6,12-dihydroxy-5,8,12abietatriene-7,11,14trione 12,16-diacetoxy-6hydroxy-5,8,12abietatriene-7,11,14- trione 8α,9α-epoxy-6,12dihydroxy-5,12abietadiene-7,11,14trione 6β-formyloxy-7αhydroxyroyleanone 7-oxoroyleanone Isolated from Plectranthus (P) or Coleus (C) species Reference P. argentatus Alder et al., 1984a *Plectranthus species 5,6-dihydrocoleon U P. sanguineus 7α-acetoxy-6β,20dihydroxyroyleanone 6,7dehydroroyleanone Coleon U quinone Hensch et al., 1975 Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987 C. carnosus Yoshizaki et al., 1979 P. grandidentatus; C. carnosus; *Plectranthus species; P. graveolens P. forsteri ‘marginatus’; C. xanthanthus; P. argentatus; P. sanguineus Gaspar-Marques et al., 2006; Yoshizaki et al., 1979; Hensch et al., 1975; Rasikari, 2007 Wellsow et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2002; Alder et al., 1984a; Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987 Xanthanthusin H C. xanthanthus Mei et al. 2002 8α,9α-epoxycoleon U quinone C. xanthanthus; P. argentatus; P. sanguineus Mei et al. 2002; Alder et al., 1984a; Matloubi-Moghadam et al., 1987 42
Page 1 and 2:
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY
Page 3 and 4:
Preface The experimental work descr
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 7 and 8: GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass spe
Page 9 and 10: Table 19: NMR data of compound III
Page 11 and 12: Spectrum 1d: Expanded DEPT spectrum
Page 13 and 14: Compound V, stigmasterol 217 Spectr
Page 15 and 16: 2 19 1 4 18 O 20 5 Structures of co
Page 17 and 18: 3.4 Results and Discussion of the c
Page 19 and 20: compounds are also classified as tr
Page 21 and 22: 1 H CO2H 19 20 CHO 18 10 5 H 12 14
Page 23 and 24: may be referred to as a norabietane
Page 25 and 26: In the mevalonic acid pathway, the
Page 27 and 28: N thiamine diphosphate (TPP) O OH N
Page 29 and 30: in the kauranes. From the kauranes,
Page 31 and 32: References Abad, A., Agullo, C., Cu
Page 33 and 34: The flower colour varies among the
Page 35 and 36: Clade 1 unplaced groups Group A: Pl
Page 37 and 38: different medical conditions and in
Page 39 and 40: Plectranthus species Skin condition
Page 41 and 42: Plectranthus species Heart, circula
Page 43 and 44: Use of the minimum inhibitory conce
Page 45 and 46: Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
Page 47 and 48: Plectranthus species Extraction med
Page 49 and 50: Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
Page 51 and 52: Methanol, ethanol and water seem to
Page 53 and 54: Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
Page 55 and 56: Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
Page 57: variation is observed within ring B
Page 61 and 62: compounds (Table 6b). Depending on
Page 63 and 64: Table 6c: Royleanone-type abietanes
Page 65 and 66: R 1 R2CH2 19 O H 3CCO 19 O H 6 12 O
Page 67 and 68: Compound Name Synonym 81 82 83 84 8
Page 69 and 70: Compound Name Synonym 104 105 106 1
Page 71 and 72: R 1 19 3 3 1 18 1 18 20 20 O H O H
Page 73 and 74: educed furan ring. The linear side
Page 75 and 76: Compound Name Synonym HCO O 128 129
Page 77 and 78: Thirty-six compounds (131-167) havi
Page 79 and 80: Compound Name Synonym 147 148 HO HO
Page 81 and 82: In compounds 149-165 (Table 9b), an
Page 83 and 84: Compound Name Synonym 163 164 165 R
Page 85 and 86: Table 9c: Coleon-type abietanes wit
Page 87 and 88: 1 18 3 20 4 O 5 19 R 1 R2 11 9 10 A
Page 89 and 90: The majority of the abietanes isola
Page 91 and 92: Plectranthus species Plant part Com
Page 93 and 94: The leaves seem to be the most freq
Page 95 and 96: Table 14 contains six abietanes iso
Page 97 and 98: References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 99 and 100: Cos, P., Hermans, N., de Bryne, T.,
Page 101 and 102: Hulme, M. (1954) Wild flowers of Na
Page 103 and 104: Lingling, X., Jie, L., Weijia, L. a
Page 105 and 106: Oliveira, P.M., Alves, R.B., Ferrei
Page 107 and 108: Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1977)
Page 109 and 110:
Ulubelen, A., Birman, H., Oksuz, S.
Page 111 and 112:
Chapter 3 Extractives from Plectran
Page 113 and 114:
4 20 10 O H 19 18 6 7 OH OH C 13 R
Page 115 and 116:
a few cases (specifically stated in
Page 117 and 118:
The leaves (184.63g) were air-dried
Page 119 and 120:
The ethyl acetate extract (0.98g) w
Page 121 and 122:
3.4.1 Structural elucidation of Com
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esonance showed HMBC correlations t
Page 125 and 126:
esonance at δC 185.76 of C-14 is a
Page 127 and 128:
Position Moiety Compound I 3 CH2 5
Page 129 and 130:
Table 18: 13 C NMR data for compoun
Page 131 and 132:
The equatorial methyl group at C-4,
Page 133 and 134:
The proton NMR data for compound II
Page 135 and 136:
Position 6 7 Compound III (400MHz)
Page 137 and 138:
3.4.3 Structure elucidation of Comp
Page 139 and 140:
showed HMBC correlations to another
Page 141 and 142:
H HO 3 OH H 2 4 24 eq 1 23 5 ax Hax
Page 143 and 144:
HO HO Position 2 23 4 10 24 25 26 9
Page 145 and 146:
Position Compound IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 b
Page 147 and 148:
multiplet at δH 1.91 (H-21) and a
Page 149 and 150:
1 H Position Compound VI Burns et a
Page 151 and 152:
Ultraviolet spectrum (λ max): 192n
Page 153 and 154:
References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The
Page 155 and 156:
Laing, M.D., Drewes, S.E. and Gurla
Page 157 and 158:
van Vuuren, S. (2007) The antimicro
Page 159 and 160:
Since the 7α-isomers of compounds
Page 161 and 162:
eing incubated for 24 hours at 37°
Page 163 and 164:
This indicated that the dihydroxy c
Page 165 and 166:
acetic acid and air drying the plat
Page 167 and 168:
whereas GI50 values for the renal a
Page 169 and 170:
Table 28: Growth inhibition values
Page 171 and 172:
Gaspar-Marques, C., Duarte, M.A., S
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter 5 Conclusion The aim of thi
Page 175 and 176:
References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 177 and 178:
Table of Contents Page Compound I,
Page 179 and 180:
Compound II, 6β,7β-dihydroxyroyle
Page 181 and 182:
Compound IV, euscaphic acid HO HO 2
Page 183:
HO Compound VI, lupeol 3 24 25 26 2
Page 236 and 237:
HO 218
Page 238 and 239:
HO 220
Page 240 and 241:
222
Page 242 and 243:
225
Page 244 and 245:
227
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