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Breast cancer can develop in both males and females and is detectable by means of self- examination of the breast area. The presence of lumps or masses in this area is usually an indication of cancerous matter, however a mammogram which is performed at most medical centres, must be done to confirm the presence of such matter. Prognosis and survival rate varies greatly depending on cancer type and staging. Treatment includes surgery, drugs (hormonal therapy and chemotherapy) and radiation. Renal cancer otherwise known as renal cell carcinoma refers to cancer of the kidney. Since the kidney is responsible for the filtration of blood and removal of waste products from the body, renal cell carcinoma affects the lining of the small tubes within the kidney which in turn affects the filtering system. Unfortunately renal cancer is not detected as easily as breast cancer is. Chronic fatigue, hypertension, fever, presence of blood in the urine, pain in the side or lower back as well as a mass or lump in the abdomen are a few of the signs and symptoms associated with this cancer. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are some of the treatment options available to patients diagnosed with this particular cancer. 4.2.1 Experimental In the three cell prescreening method, the three cell lines were grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI 1640) medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 2µM L-glutamine. The cells were then inoculated into 96-well microtiter plates with densities ranging between 5,000 and 40,000 cells per well. A volume of 100µL of the medium was introduced into the microtiter plates and subsequently incubated at 37 o C in a 5:95 (carbon dioxide:air) atmosphere with 100% relative humidity for 24 hours. Compounds I-IV were dissolved in dimethyl suphoxide (DMSO) and then added to the cells at concentrations ranging between 0.001µg/ml and 100µg/ml. These cells were then incubated for a further 48 hours at 37 o C in a humidified atmosphere, followed by the fixing of the cells in situ with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and staining with 100µL sulforhodamine B (SRB) solution. Unbound dye was removed by washing with 1% 147
acetic acid and air drying the plates. Bound stain was solubilized with 10µM trizma base and the optical density was read on an automated plate reader at a wavelength of 540nm. The percentage growth of human tumor cells was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the difference in optical density of the control (C) at the start (T0) and end of drug exposure (T). If T≥T0 either no effect is experienced or inhibition occurs. Inhibition occurs if T
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UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL FACULTY
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Preface The experimental work descr
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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GC-MS - gas chromatography-mass spe
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Table 19: NMR data of compound III
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Spectrum 1d: Expanded DEPT spectrum
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Compound V, stigmasterol 217 Spectr
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2 19 1 4 18 O 20 5 Structures of co
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3.4 Results and Discussion of the c
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compounds are also classified as tr
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1 H CO2H 19 20 CHO 18 10 5 H 12 14
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may be referred to as a norabietane
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In the mevalonic acid pathway, the
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N thiamine diphosphate (TPP) O OH N
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in the kauranes. From the kauranes,
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References Abad, A., Agullo, C., Cu
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The flower colour varies among the
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Clade 1 unplaced groups Group A: Pl
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different medical conditions and in
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Plectranthus species Skin condition
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Plectranthus species Heart, circula
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Use of the minimum inhibitory conce
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Plectranthus species Extraction med
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Plectranthus species Coleus kiliman
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Methanol, ethanol and water seem to
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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Plectranthus species P. amboinicus
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variation is observed within ring B
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Compound Name Synonym 39 40 41 42 4
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compounds (Table 6b). Depending on
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Table 6c: Royleanone-type abietanes
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R 1 R2CH2 19 O H 3CCO 19 O H 6 12 O
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Compound Name Synonym 81 82 83 84 8
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Compound Name Synonym 104 105 106 1
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R 1 19 3 3 1 18 1 18 20 20 O H O H
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educed furan ring. The linear side
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Compound Name Synonym HCO O 128 129
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Thirty-six compounds (131-167) havi
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Compound Name Synonym 147 148 HO HO
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In compounds 149-165 (Table 9b), an
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Compound Name Synonym 163 164 165 R
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Table 9c: Coleon-type abietanes wit
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1 18 3 20 4 O 5 19 R 1 R2 11 9 10 A
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The majority of the abietanes isola
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Plectranthus species Plant part Com
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The leaves seem to be the most freq
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Table 14 contains six abietanes iso
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References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
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Cos, P., Hermans, N., de Bryne, T.,
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Hulme, M. (1954) Wild flowers of Na
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Lingling, X., Jie, L., Weijia, L. a
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Oliveira, P.M., Alves, R.B., Ferrei
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Ruedi, P. and Eugster, C. H. (1977)
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Ulubelen, A., Birman, H., Oksuz, S.
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Chapter 3 Extractives from Plectran
Page 113 and 114: 4 20 10 O H 19 18 6 7 OH OH C 13 R
Page 115 and 116: a few cases (specifically stated in
Page 117 and 118: The leaves (184.63g) were air-dried
Page 119 and 120: The ethyl acetate extract (0.98g) w
Page 121 and 122: 3.4.1 Structural elucidation of Com
Page 123 and 124: esonance showed HMBC correlations t
Page 125 and 126: esonance at δC 185.76 of C-14 is a
Page 127 and 128: Position Moiety Compound I 3 CH2 5
Page 129 and 130: Table 18: 13 C NMR data for compoun
Page 131 and 132: The equatorial methyl group at C-4,
Page 133 and 134: The proton NMR data for compound II
Page 135 and 136: Position 6 7 Compound III (400MHz)
Page 137 and 138: 3.4.3 Structure elucidation of Comp
Page 139 and 140: showed HMBC correlations to another
Page 141 and 142: H HO 3 OH H 2 4 24 eq 1 23 5 ax Hax
Page 143 and 144: HO HO Position 2 23 4 10 24 25 26 9
Page 145 and 146: Position Compound IV 4.1 4.2 4.3 b
Page 147 and 148: multiplet at δH 1.91 (H-21) and a
Page 149 and 150: 1 H Position Compound VI Burns et a
Page 151 and 152: Ultraviolet spectrum (λ max): 192n
Page 153 and 154: References Ansell, S.M. (1989) The
Page 155 and 156: Laing, M.D., Drewes, S.E. and Gurla
Page 157 and 158: van Vuuren, S. (2007) The antimicro
Page 159 and 160: Since the 7α-isomers of compounds
Page 161 and 162: eing incubated for 24 hours at 37°
Page 163: This indicated that the dihydroxy c
Page 167 and 168: whereas GI50 values for the renal a
Page 169 and 170: Table 28: Growth inhibition values
Page 171 and 172: Gaspar-Marques, C., Duarte, M.A., S
Page 173 and 174: Chapter 5 Conclusion The aim of thi
Page 175 and 176: References Abdel-Mogib, M., Albar,
Page 177 and 178: Table of Contents Page Compound I,
Page 179 and 180: Compound II, 6β,7β-dihydroxyroyle
Page 181 and 182: Compound IV, euscaphic acid HO HO 2
Page 183: HO Compound VI, lupeol 3 24 25 26 2
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HO 218
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HO 220
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222
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225
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227
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