Livelihood Security: Climate change, conflict and migration in - UNEP
Livelihood Security: Climate change, conflict and migration in - UNEP
Livelihood Security: Climate change, conflict and migration in - UNEP
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25°0'N<br />
20°0'N<br />
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Sa<strong>in</strong>t-Louis !<br />
Map 3 . Cross-border transhumance routes (2001-2004)<br />
" !<br />
W a d i K hatt Atoui<br />
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! "<br />
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Dakar<br />
Thies<br />
"<br />
Diourbel S e n e g a l<br />
Mbour Kaolack<br />
Banjul Serre Kunda<br />
!<br />
Zigu<strong>in</strong>chor<br />
Bissau<br />
!<br />
Conakry<br />
"<br />
Kayes<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
Ségou<br />
Bamako<br />
"<br />
Sikasso<br />
Mopti<br />
Ouagadougou<br />
"<br />
B u r k i n a F a s o<br />
Bobo Dioulasso<br />
Tamale<br />
Niamey<br />
"<br />
Ben<strong>in</strong><br />
Sokoto<br />
Ka<strong>in</strong>ji<br />
Lake<br />
Z<strong>in</strong>der<br />
Maradi<br />
Kats<strong>in</strong>a<br />
Gusau<br />
Kano<br />
Zaria<br />
Kaduna<br />
Bauchi<br />
Jos<br />
M<strong>in</strong>na<br />
Abuja<br />
!<br />
Lake<br />
Chad<br />
N'Djamena<br />
Maiduguri<br />
"<br />
Damaturu<br />
Gombe Mubi<br />
Maroua<br />
Garoua<br />
Jimeta<br />
C h a d<br />
Sarh<br />
Freetown<br />
" Sierra Leone<br />
"<br />
Monrovia<br />
Liberia<br />
Côte d'Ivoire<br />
Bouaké<br />
Kossou<br />
Reservoir<br />
!<br />
Yamoussoukro<br />
Abidjan<br />
Moundou<br />
Togo<br />
Ogbomosho<br />
Nigeria<br />
Isey<strong>in</strong> Oshogbo<br />
Central African Republic<br />
Ghana<br />
Makurdi<br />
Ede Ado Okene<br />
Cameroon<br />
Iwo<br />
Abomey Ibadan<br />
Ife<br />
Cross-border Ngaoundéré<br />
Ilesha Akure<br />
Ngaoundéré transhumance routes<br />
Lake<br />
!<br />
Ikire<br />
Kumasi<br />
Volta<br />
Abeokuta<br />
Owo<br />
Livestock movement (dry <strong>and</strong> wet period as of 2001-2004)<br />
Cotonou Lagos<br />
Ondo<br />
Ikorodu<br />
Enugu<br />
!<br />
Ben<strong>in</strong><br />
"<br />
Onitsha<br />
Bamenda<br />
Ashiaman<br />
Porto-Novo<br />
Transhumance Bamenda routes<br />
Major urban centres L<strong>and</strong> cover<br />
Lomé<br />
!<br />
Warri Umuahia<br />
" > 1,000,000<br />
"<br />
! Livestock movement<br />
Major wadis (non-perennial)<br />
Aba Ikot Ekpene<br />
Accra<br />
Bafoussam<br />
"<br />
Port Harcourt<br />
(dry period)<br />
> 500,000 - 1,000,000<br />
Calabar<br />
! > 250,000 - 500,000<br />
Bertoua<br />
Major rivers (perennial)<br />
Takoradi<br />
!<br />
Bangui<br />
"<br />
!<br />
Douala<br />
Livestock movement ! > 100,000 - 250,000 (CILSS)<br />
Bangui<br />
Malabo<br />
" (wet period)<br />
! < 100,000 (capitals)<br />
Waterbodies<br />
"<br />
!<br />
!<br />
Equatorial<br />
Yaoundé<br />
Dakar Capitals<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
Atlantic Ocean<br />
CILSS countries<br />
C a p e V e r d e<br />
First level adm<strong>in</strong>istrative<br />
Equatorial<br />
boundaries<br />
!<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea<br />
Sao Tome <strong>and</strong><br />
Data sources:<br />
Pr<strong>in</strong>cipe<br />
Libreville Transhumance routes: Sahel <strong>and</strong> West Africa Club (2001-2004)<br />
" ! Background " vector data: ESRI; FAO GeoNetwork; GAUL; GRUMP (alpha)<br />
Congo<br />
Cartographic <strong>in</strong>formation:<br />
Scale (ma<strong>in</strong> map): 1:17,000,000 for DIN A4 pr<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
Reference system: Geographic coord<strong>in</strong>ates<br />
Datum: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) ´<br />
Praia Scale: 1:7,000,000<br />
km<br />
0 50 100<br />
0 250<br />
500<br />
km<br />
1.000<br />
Map description:<br />
Map gives an overview Gabon<br />
of the cross-border (wet <strong>and</strong> dry seasonal)<br />
transhumance routes <strong>in</strong> the Sahel <strong>and</strong> West Africa.<br />
Map production:<br />
Centre for Geo<strong>in</strong>formatics (Z_GIS),<br />
University of Salzburg, Austria, October 2010<br />
T h e<br />
G a m b i a<br />
Nouakchott<br />
G u i n e a -<br />
B i s s a u<br />
15°0'W<br />
15°0'W<br />
Saloum<br />
Gambia<br />
S e nega l<br />
M a u r i t a n i a<br />
Sewa<br />
Ba f <strong>in</strong> g<br />
Niger<br />
10°0'W<br />
10°0'W<br />
B akoy<br />
Nuo n<br />
Cavally<br />
Farmers typically live <strong>in</strong> permanent settlements,<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g millet, maize, rice <strong>and</strong> sorghum, <strong>and</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g<br />
domestic animals to provide supplementary<br />
<strong>in</strong>come. The ma<strong>in</strong> cash crops <strong>in</strong> the region are<br />
groundnuts <strong>and</strong> cotton. 49 Herders, conversely, raise<br />
livestock <strong>and</strong> cultivate crops along various seasonal<br />
nomadic routes, 50 generally mov<strong>in</strong>g from northern<br />
to southern pastoral areas dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season<br />
(October to June), <strong>and</strong> back north dur<strong>in</strong>g the wet<br />
season. 51 Ma<strong>in</strong> transhumance corridors can be<br />
seen <strong>in</strong> Map 3. With 60 million cattle <strong>and</strong> 160 million<br />
small rum<strong>in</strong>ants, the Sahel, together with West<br />
Africa, is one of the dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g regions for livestockrear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on the cont<strong>in</strong>ent, correspond<strong>in</strong>g to 25 per<br />
cent of the cattle, 33 per cent of the sheep <strong>and</strong><br />
40 per cent of the goats <strong>in</strong> all sub-Saharan Africa. 52<br />
The fish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry employs 7 million people <strong>and</strong><br />
contributes up to 15 per cent to GDP <strong>in</strong> some of<br />
the coastal countries <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this study. 53 For<br />
<strong>in</strong>stance, fishery exports represent 86 per cent <strong>and</strong><br />
46.9 per cent of agricultural exports <strong>in</strong> Senegal <strong>and</strong><br />
Sass<strong>and</strong>ra<br />
Bani<br />
B<strong>and</strong>ama Blanc<br />
B<strong>and</strong>ama<br />
5°0'W<br />
Lake<br />
Faguib<strong>in</strong>e<br />
5°0'W<br />
<strong>Livelihood</strong> <strong>Security</strong>: <strong>Climate</strong> Change, Migration <strong>and</strong> Conflict <strong>in</strong> the Sahel<br />
B lack Volta<br />
Komoe<br />
Niger<br />
Bla ck Volta<br />
M a l i<br />
White Volta<br />
Red Volta<br />
0°0'<br />
0°0'<br />
Vallée d u Tilemsi<br />
Wadi Tamanrasset<br />
Oti<br />
Volta<br />
Niger<br />
Algeria<br />
Vallée de l'Azaouak<br />
W a di Bosso<br />
5°0'E<br />
Wadi Irharrhar<br />
Wad i Tam anrasset<br />
5°0'E<br />
Niger<br />
Arlit<br />
!<br />
Agadez<br />
!<br />
Cross<br />
Wadi Tafassasset<br />
N i g e r<br />
Katsi n a A la<br />
atsi n a Ala<br />
10°0'E<br />
Wadi Tegouma<br />
Ogooué<br />
Ogooué<br />
B enue<br />
10°0'E<br />
Sanaga<br />
Sanaga<br />
Wadi Dillia<br />
Komadugu Gana<br />
Sa naga<br />
Sanaga<br />
Iv<strong>in</strong>do<br />
Iv<strong>in</strong>do<br />
Iv <strong>in</strong> d o<br />
Iv <strong>in</strong> d o<br />
D ja<br />
D ja<br />
O gooue<br />
O goou e<br />
Bahr el Ghazal<br />
Bahr Salamat<br />
Wa di Te li Basal<br />
Wadi H awach<br />
Mauritania respectively. 54 Major freshwater fish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
takes place along the Niger <strong>and</strong> Senegal rivers <strong>and</strong><br />
Lake Chad. Coastal fisheries are found along 3,500<br />
km of coast spann<strong>in</strong>g Cape Verde, the Gambia,<br />
Gu<strong>in</strong>ea-Bissau, Gu<strong>in</strong>ea, Mauritania, <strong>and</strong> Senegal,<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Saloum Delta. The delta generates<br />
some US$ 400 million <strong>in</strong> revenue annually <strong>and</strong> is<br />
an important source of foreign <strong>in</strong>vestment through<br />
negotiated fish<strong>in</strong>g agreements with foreign fleets,<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ly from Ch<strong>in</strong>a, the European Union <strong>and</strong> Japan.<br />
Fish is also a key food source across the region,<br />
particularly for communities liv<strong>in</strong>g near lakes, rivers,<br />
<strong>and</strong> the coast.<br />
Alongside farm<strong>in</strong>g, fish<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>and</strong> herd<strong>in</strong>g, much of<br />
the population also depends on the collection<br />
of <strong>and</strong> direct access to raw natural resources for<br />
daily subsistence, much of which come from forest<br />
areas. In 2010, forests accounted for 25 per<br />
cent of the l<strong>and</strong> area <strong>in</strong> CILSS countries, <strong>and</strong> 26<br />
per cent <strong>in</strong> the broader region. 55 The role of forests<br />
Dja<br />
Dja<br />
15°0'E<br />
Alima<br />
Al ima<br />
15°0'E<br />
Libya<br />
Ch a ri<br />
Ngoko<br />
Alima<br />
Logone<br />
Ngoko<br />
Alim a<br />
Sang h a<br />
Sang h a<br />
Sang h a<br />
Sang h a<br />
go<br />
ongo<br />
O uham<br />
Oubangui (Ubangi)<br />
Oubangui (Ubangi)<br />
Giri<br />
Giri<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Giri<br />
Giri<br />
Giri<br />
Giri<br />
Congo Congo<br />
Congo Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Ikele m b a<br />
Ikele m ba<br />
Ruki<br />
Ruki<br />
C ongo<br />
C ongo<br />
Lulonga<br />
Lulonga<br />
20°0'E<br />
Oubangui (Ubangi)<br />
Oubangui (Ubangi)<br />
B usira<br />
B usira<br />
20°0'E<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Lopori<br />
Lopori<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
Salon ga<br />
Salon ga<br />
S<br />
Bolombo<br />
Bolombo<br />
Yekokora<br />
Yekokora<br />
Tshuapa<br />
Tshuapa<br />
Lomela<br />
Lomela<br />
Salo<br />
Itimb iri<br />
Itimb iri<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
Tshuapa<br />
Tshuapa<br />
19<br />
Itimbiri<br />
Itimbiri<br />
Congo<br />
Congo<br />
25°0'N<br />
20°0'N<br />
15°0'N<br />
10°0'N<br />
5°0'N<br />
0°0'
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