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indi\.idu:rl aspects of thc proccss. The two perspectives ha\.e lo be integrated for effective
policy I-csult lo occur.
Leadership
A very consisrent feature in implementation research speaks to the importance of
Ic:~dc~.ship ~IISOLI_C~O~II the chain of implementation. In the matter of both state and federal
policy in~plenicntation. the local district central office has come to be seen as key. So much
so ~IILII \~.ithout the acti\,e participation of district leadership, not much is likely to occur. In a
stud\! of federal polic!,. Hasazi. Johnston. and Liggett (1993) cited an informed observer to
n~akc this gene~xl point: "Unless you ha\.e commitment at the top [administl-ati\.e Is~el] the
\.s.holc rhin: can't go" (p. 502). Similarly. Rosenblurn and Louis (in Fairman & Firestone.
2001 ) 1.ouncl that "supel-intendent support 6.3s a key predictor of si~ccessful inlplementation"
13. 134 ).
The effect of rhe central office is so strong. it appears in these cases. that in their large-
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