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enhanced authority to expend funds in direct support of the full range of IW activities. They would be capable of exercising operational control of attached rotational and periodic joint forces located within their operational areas. During crises and contingency operations, they would control or be controlled by deployed JTFs under the operational control of the appropriate geographic combatant commander. See Appendix H for further discussion on expanding the role of the MILGRP to conduct and support IW. 4.c. IW Strategy At the theater strategic level, the JFC may develop a theater strategy using an IW approach to address either state or non-state adversaries. State adversaries include those that may directly threaten the United States or its interests or hostile states that employ indirect means to threaten the United States by sponsoring surrogates such as terrorists, insurgents, or other non-state adversaries. Combatant Command Strategic Planning. Before a JFC can design an IW campaign, the supported combatant commander and supporting and subordinate JFCs will conduct strategic planning to translate national strategic guidance and direction into a strategic concept for achieving a set of military and non-military conditions necessary to achieve strategic success. Unlike conventional warfare, the nature of IW will rarely dictate that the military instrument of power be in the lead. In fact, a strategic military lead will usually be counterproductive in IW because it will tend to alienate the population that is the focus of the IW effort. Typically, the joint force role in IW will be to establish the military conditions necessary to enable and support the other instruments of national power so that they can lead a unified effort to achieve strategic success. However, when other instruments of national power are unavailable in sufficient quantity, the President or Secretary of Defense may direct the supported combatant commander to employ military forces and capabilities to perform non-military tasks and achieve non-military conditions in the pursuit of strategic success. The Strategic Estimate. Unlike the current strategic estimate process, which primarily focuses on the adversary, a future IW strategic estimate will focus on those populations relevant to the strategic situation. The estimate will define the strategic end state and supporting military and non-military conditions in terms of how to control or influence the relevant populations and their established political authorities. Theater Strategic Concept. Based on the strategic estimate, the supported combatant commander will develop or refine a theater strategic concept that describes where, when, and how to employ military forces and capabilities in combination with the forces and capabilities of IA and multinational partners to achieve strategic success. The JFC may select a strategic concept that confronts state adversaries directly using MCO, indirectly using IW, or some hybrid of the 26
two. When confronting non-state adversaries, the JFC may select a strategic concept that confronts them directly by using US forces to conduct COIN or CT, indirectly by using the security forces of state or non-state partners to conduct the operations instead of US forces, or some hybrid of the two. Using an indirect approach, the strategic concept may call for supporting the COIN and CT efforts of friendly states against local or regional insurgent or terrorist adversaries by providing intelligence, training, logistic, and combat advisory assistance and denying resources to the adversaries, such as finances, transnational movement, and access to communications. Further, an indirect approach would put a local or international face on the effort, reduce the US contribution, and maximize the strategic communications impact while denying the adversary the use of “imperialist US” themes. IW can occur within several strategic contexts, providing a broad range of strategic options for JFCs as they design future IW strategies and campaigns. • Option #1: Joint forces may conduct IW independently of conventional combat operations. This type of IW activity is advantageous when one of the end state objectives is to disguise or limit US involvement to preclude escalation into direct inter-state conflict. This approach is attractive if the adversary against whom the United States is engaged possesses significant strategic, geographic, political, or economic advantages. • Option #2: Joint forces may conduct IW in support of conventional combat operations during a direct inter-state conflict. This has been the most common form of IW in which the US military has engaged. The IW component of a broader conventional campaign supplements, expands, and deepens the scope and capabilities of the available lines of operation. • Option #3: Joint forces may conduct IW as the primary or supported effort of a military campaign, with conventional operations supporting IW activities. The strategic, operational, and tactical advantages for applying this context of warfighting include economy of force, deception, and increasing the legitimacy of the supported irregular force. 4.d. Campaign Planning for IW “The first, the supreme, the most far-reaching act of judgment that the statesman and the commander have to make is to establish…the kind of war on which they are embarking; neither mistaking it for, nor trying to make it into something that is alien to its nature. This is the first of all strategic questions and the most comprehensive.” Carl von Clausewitz Campaign planning for IW is similar to campaign planning for MCO with one important distinction – for IW, the military instrument of national power is usually, if not always, a supporting effort to the other instruments of national power. As a result, one of the unique challenges of IW in developing a comprehensive campaign is recognizing that the military plan must integrate 27
Page 1: Irregular Warfare (IW) Joint Operat
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The following table provides focus
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• JFCs must understand how to max
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in IW operations. This must include
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Appendix G - A Historical Look at I
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other conflict was predominantly an
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neither spoke Korean nor understood
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adaptability of joint special opera
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As the “long war” enters its in
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“…What would appear to make mos
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