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Table 6.1: Mass balance determination of CH4 production rates in Phase III and Phase IV. ...... 141 Table 6.2: Free and saline ammonia and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) concentrations in inflow and outflow streams of the ABR. .................................................................................. 143 Table 6.3: Inflow composition for model components for steady-state model taken from Kingsburgh WWTP inflow wastewater characteristics. ............................................... 148 Table 6.4: Model parameters used in or calculated by the steady-state model .............................. 149 Table 6.5: Example of design parameters for an ABR treating domestic wastewater ................... 159 Table A1. 1:General Authorisations in terms of section 39 of the National Water Act, 1998 (Act no. 36 of 1998) for discharge to watercourse, or for irrigation ........................................... 185 Table A3. 1: Table of Responsibilities for analyses during pilot-scale ABR experimental study .... 196 Table A3. 2: Pathogen indicator organisms detected in the influent and effluent of the pilot-scale ABR. ............................................................................................................................. 199 xii
xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Graphical representation of a generic 5-compartment anaerobic baffled reactor ........ 3 Figure 1.2: Participation of researchers in research into ABR technology. .................................... 5 Figure 1.3: Pilot-scale ABR project time line showing different phases of operation included in this study at Umbilo and Kingsburgh WWTP. .................................................................. 6 Figure 1.4: Organisation of the thesis ............................................................................................. 7 Figure 2.1: Flow-diagram for the anaerobic degradation of a composite particulate material, as implemented in ADM1 ............................................................................................... 10 Figure 2.2: Shape of pH inhibition function calculated from Eq. 2 9 for acetoclastic methanogenesis with pHUL = 7 and pHLL = 6 ........................................................................................ 18 Figure 2.3: Change in free energy available for reaction vs. dissolved H2 concentration showing H2 concentrations at which conversion of propionate or ethanol to methane is possible .................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2.4: Basic design of (A) an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and (B) an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor........................................................... 23 Figure 2.5: Division of wastewater COD into constituent fractions ............................................... 29 Figure 2.6: Example of septic tank construction showing internal baffle, inlet baffle, outlet tee piece, inspection ports and manhole ........................................................................... 30 Figure 2.7: Diagram of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) showing hanging and standing baffles. Curved arrows indicate liquid flow, while straight arrows represent gas production. 37 Figure 2.8: Main DEWATS units for wastewater treatment ........................................................... 48 Figure 3.1: 10 ℓ Perspex laboratory-scale ABRs showing inlet, internal baffles, gas vents and sampling ports ............................................................................................................. 51 Figure 3.2: Velocity vector profiles obtained for a 20 h HRT using CFD software FLUENT for hanging baffle positioning. ......................................................................................... 52 Figure 3.3: Longitudinal section through an ABR compartment illustrating the CFD velocity contours for the two different baffle configurations and laboratory scale verification of CFD results using a dye tracer .................................................................................... 52 Figure 3.4: Diagram of the pilot-scale ABR with a cut-away to give an indication of the baffle configuration. .............................................................................................................. 53
Page 1: ANALYSIS OF A PILOT-SCALE ANAEROBIC
Page 5: i DECLARATIONS I, Katherine Maria F
Page 8 and 9: My deepest thanks must be extended
Page 11 and 12: vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF A
Page 13 and 14: 5.3 Feed characteristics and loadin
Page 15: xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List o
Page 19 and 20: Figure 5.1 Installation of the ABR
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6.8: WEST® representation o
Page 23 and 24: xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A-HRT App
Page 25 and 26: 1 1 INTRODUCTION The work presented
Page 27 and 28: obtained from anaerobic systems rel
Page 29 and 30: • Lalbahadur (MTech, 2005) perfor
Page 31 and 32: 1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS This
Page 33 and 34: 9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW A detailed re
Page 35 and 36: • Disintegration of composite par
Page 37 and 38: Homoacetogens are one of the most v
Page 39 and 40: Most of the control in anaerobic di
Page 41 and 42: therefore the sensitivity of the ov
Page 43 and 44: ∆Gº (W) [kcal] -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 L
Page 45 and 46: For systems with low potential for
Page 47 and 48: design of the digester in which the
Page 49 and 50: 2.2.2 Expanded granular sludge bed
Page 51 and 52: fact that for most non-ideal flow s
Page 53 and 54: hydrolysis steps to convert them to
Page 55 and 56: from the clarified zone between the
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.4: Typical pathogen surviva
Page 59: Table 2.5: Studies using anaerobic
Page 62 and 63: • There is no requirement for bio
Page 64 and 65: Kennedy and Barriault (2005) perfor
Page 66 and 67:
methanogenic (Akunna and Clark, 200
Page 68 and 69:
and 6 h with no significant differe
Page 70 and 71:
2.5.1.12 Granule formation in ABRs
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• A baffled reactor is described
Page 74 and 75:
2.5.3.4 Scanning electron microscop
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spacing on flow patterns in a singl
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Figure 3.5: Orthographic projection
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PLC calculated the fraction of that
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epresent buulk conditionns. Compart
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The rreactor was initially commmiss
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Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
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Table 4.1: Characteristics of degri
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Table 4.2: Pilot-scale ABR approxim
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COD [mgCOD/ℓ] 2000 1800 1600 1400
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4.3.5 Phosphorus Figure 4.8 present
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Observation of sludge in compartmen
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Another interesting observation is
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4.4.3 pH pH measurements were perfo
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esult in low pH values. The reasons
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4.5 SUMMARY: PHASE I - OPERATION AT
Page 107 and 108:
than the optimal range for methanog
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5 EXPERIMENTAL PHASES II-IV: KINGSB
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sludge on a number of occasions. Wh
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On days 99 and 100 of Phase III, a
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5.3.2 Analysis of variations in fee
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Table 5.2: Pilot-scale ABR average
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5.4.1.2 Phase III In Phase III, (Fi
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Phase II: Alkalinity [mgCaCO3/ℓ]
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Eq. 5-1 However, at a COD/SO4 2- ra
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wastewater was probably higher than
Page 127 and 128:
5.5.2.2 Damping Figure 5.12 and Fig
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• The outflow COD values were not
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• Information about the volume of
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As with the total volume of sludge
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It is not clear why the rate of acc
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most compartments was exactly 6.5,
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Soluble COD [mg/ℓ] 600 500 400 30
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pathogens and parasites, which may
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% Probe of DAPI % Probe of DAPI % P
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later compartments at all. Furtherm
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and 4, with decreasing observations
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• The mechanism of sludge build-u
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Table 5.6: Inflow and outflow chara
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Behling et al. (1997) studied the p
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organisms in previous compartments.
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velocities. Unfortunately, these tw
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Thus for a fixed sludge load, at hi
Page 162 and 163:
sampling was not possible since in
Page 164 and 165:
Wentzel (2006) recommends a COD to
Page 166 and 167:
6.2.1.4 Calculation of CH4 producti
Page 168 and 169:
organically bound N) or that N accu
Page 170 and 171:
All VFA is consumed in the process,
Page 172 and 173:
However, these assumptions are clea
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The calculated pH value is compared
Page 176 and 177:
influent alkalinity will increase d
Page 178 and 179:
The original objective to develop a
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• It was not possible to simulate
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employed for a medium strength wast
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6.6.4 Alternative baffle design Thi
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6.7.3 Monitoring requirements The m
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compartments (Section 6.1.1) pH val
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generally about anaerobic digestion
Page 192 and 193:
7.1.1.6 Effect of sludge age on bio
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7.1.2.4 Critical design parameters
Page 196 and 197:
172
Page 198 and 199:
Batstone D. J., Keller J., Angelida
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Gopala K. G. V. T. (2007). Treatmen
Page 202 and 203:
MacLeod F. A., Guiot S. R. and Cost
Page 204 and 205:
Sasse L. (1998). Decentralised wast
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Wanasen (2003). Upgrading conventio
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METTHODS OFF SAMPLINNG AND ANNALYSI
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3.6 Enumeration of total coliforms
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that the means are the same, or con
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And the significance of the regress
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ADDITIONAL RESULTS 193 APPENDIX A3
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Table A3. 1 cont. Phase I Phase II
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each of the eight compartments were
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3.2 Pathogen indicator organisms A
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APPLIED VS. APPARENT HYDRAULIC RETE
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19 h apparent HRT 14 h apparent HRT
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205 APPENDIX A5 CALCULATION OF SOLI
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i.e. the average SRT of an accumula
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X X = P Inert ⋅ where Xinert is t
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iodegradable organic material may b
Page 238 and 239:
Substituting Eq. A6- 1 in Eq. A6- 7
Page 240 and 241:
1.5 Implementation of steady-state
Page 242 and 243:
X = 7⋅ Y = 7 Z = 7⋅ A = 7⋅ (
Page 244 and 245:
Dama, P., Bell J., Naidoo, V., Foxo
Page 246:
Lalbahadur T. (2004) Characterisati
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