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Sasse L. (1998). Decentralised wastewater treatment in developing countries. BORDA www.bordanet.org/modules/wfdownloads/uploads/062%20BORDA_Dewats-Handbook.pdf (accessed 08/12/08) Sayed S. K. I. A. and Fergala M. A. A. (1995). Two stage UASB concept for treatment of domestic sewage including sludge stabilization process. Water Science & Technology, 32(11) 55-63 (in: Seghezzo et al., 1998) Schellinkhout A. and Osorio E. (1994). Long-term experience with the UASB technology for sewage treatment on large scale. Proceedings: 7th International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion, Cape Town, South Africa, Seghezzo L., Guera R. G., Gonzalez S. M., Trupiano A. P., Figueroa M. E., Cuevas C. M., Zeeman G. and Lettinga G. (2001). Removal efficiency and methanogenic activity profiles in a pilot-scale UASB reactor treating settled sewage at moderate temperatures. Proceedings: 9th World Congress of Anaerobic Digestion - Anaerobic Conversion for Sustainability, Antwerp, Belgium, (2-6 September 2001) Seghezzo L., Zeeman G., Lier J. B. v., Hamelers H. V. M. and Lettinga G. (1998). A review: The anaerobic treatment of sewage in UASB and EGSB reactors. Bioresource Technology, 65 175-190 Setiadi T., Husaini and Djajadiningrat A. (1996). Palm oil mill effluent treatment by anaerobic baffled reactors: Recycle effects and biokinetic parameters. Water Science & Technology, 34(11) 59-66 She Z., Zheng X., Yang B., Jin C. and Gao M. (2006). Granule development and performance in sucrose fed anaerobic baffled reactors. Journal of Biotechnology, 122(2) 198-208 Siegrist H., Renggli D. and Gujer W. (1993). Mathematical modelling of anaerobic mesophilic sewage sludge treatment. . Water Science & Technology, 27(2) 25-36 Siegrist H., Vogt D., Garcia-Heras J. L. and Gujer W. (2002). Mathematical model for meso-and thermophlic anaerobic sewage sludge digestion. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36 1113-1123 Skiadas I. V. and Lyberatos G. (1998). The periodic anaerobic baffled reactor. Water Science & Technology, 38(8-9) 401-408 Smith J. M. and Van Ness H. C. (1987). Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics. 4 edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Singapore. Smith L. C., Elliot D. J. and James A. (1993). Characteristics of mixing patterns in an anaerobic digester by means of tracer curve analysis. Ecological Modelling, 69 267-285 Sötemann S. W., Ristow N. E., Wentzel M. C. and Ekama G. A. (2005). A steady state model for anaerobic digestion of sewage sludges Water SA, 31(4) 511-528 Speece R. E. (1996). Anaerobic biotechnology for Industrial Wastewaters. Archae Nashville, TN. StatsSA (2005). Achieving a better life for all: Progress between Census '96 and Census 2001. Report No. 03-02-16 (2001) Statistics South Africa http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/Report-03-02- 16/Report-03-02-16.pdf (accessed 03/12/2007) Stumm W. and Morgan J. J. (1996). Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters. 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York. Tare V., Ahammed M. and Jawed M. (1997). Biomethanation in domestic and industrial waste treatment - an Indian scenario. Proceedings: 8th International Conference on Anaerobic Digestion, Sendai, Japan, 180
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Page 1:
ANALYSIS OF A PILOT-SCALE ANAEROBIC
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i DECLARATIONS I, Katherine Maria F
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My deepest thanks must be extended
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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF A
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5.3 Feed characteristics and loadin
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xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List o
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xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Gr
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Figure 5.1 Installation of the ABR
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Figure 6.8: WEST® representation o
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xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A-HRT App
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1 1 INTRODUCTION The work presented
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obtained from anaerobic systems rel
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• Lalbahadur (MTech, 2005) perfor
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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS This
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9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW A detailed re
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• Disintegration of composite par
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Homoacetogens are one of the most v
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Most of the control in anaerobic di
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therefore the sensitivity of the ov
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∆Gº (W) [kcal] -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 L
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For systems with low potential for
Page 47 and 48:
design of the digester in which the
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2.2.2 Expanded granular sludge bed
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fact that for most non-ideal flow s
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hydrolysis steps to convert them to
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from the clarified zone between the
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Table 2.4: Typical pathogen surviva
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Table 2.5: Studies using anaerobic
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• There is no requirement for bio
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Kennedy and Barriault (2005) perfor
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methanogenic (Akunna and Clark, 200
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and 6 h with no significant differe
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2.5.1.12 Granule formation in ABRs
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• A baffled reactor is described
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2.5.3.4 Scanning electron microscop
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spacing on flow patterns in a singl
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Figure 3.5: Orthographic projection
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PLC calculated the fraction of that
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epresent buulk conditionns. Compart
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The rreactor was initially commmiss
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Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
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Table 4.1: Characteristics of degri
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Table 4.2: Pilot-scale ABR approxim
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COD [mgCOD/ℓ] 2000 1800 1600 1400
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4.3.5 Phosphorus Figure 4.8 present
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Observation of sludge in compartmen
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Another interesting observation is
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4.4.3 pH pH measurements were perfo
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esult in low pH values. The reasons
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4.5 SUMMARY: PHASE I - OPERATION AT
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than the optimal range for methanog
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5 EXPERIMENTAL PHASES II-IV: KINGSB
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sludge on a number of occasions. Wh
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On days 99 and 100 of Phase III, a
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5.3.2 Analysis of variations in fee
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Table 5.2: Pilot-scale ABR average
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5.4.1.2 Phase III In Phase III, (Fi
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Phase II: Alkalinity [mgCaCO3/ℓ]
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Eq. 5-1 However, at a COD/SO4 2- ra
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wastewater was probably higher than
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5.5.2.2 Damping Figure 5.12 and Fig
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• The outflow COD values were not
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• Information about the volume of
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As with the total volume of sludge
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It is not clear why the rate of acc
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most compartments was exactly 6.5,
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Soluble COD [mg/ℓ] 600 500 400 30
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pathogens and parasites, which may
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% Probe of DAPI % Probe of DAPI % P
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later compartments at all. Furtherm
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and 4, with decreasing observations
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• The mechanism of sludge build-u
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Table 5.6: Inflow and outflow chara
Page 154 and 155: Behling et al. (1997) studied the p
Page 156 and 157: organisms in previous compartments.
Page 158 and 159: velocities. Unfortunately, these tw
Page 160 and 161: Thus for a fixed sludge load, at hi
Page 162 and 163: sampling was not possible since in
Page 164 and 165: Wentzel (2006) recommends a COD to
Page 166 and 167: 6.2.1.4 Calculation of CH4 producti
Page 168 and 169: organically bound N) or that N accu
Page 170 and 171: All VFA is consumed in the process,
Page 172 and 173: However, these assumptions are clea
Page 174 and 175: The calculated pH value is compared
Page 176 and 177: influent alkalinity will increase d
Page 178 and 179: The original objective to develop a
Page 180 and 181: • It was not possible to simulate
Page 182 and 183: employed for a medium strength wast
Page 184 and 185: 6.6.4 Alternative baffle design Thi
Page 186 and 187: 6.7.3 Monitoring requirements The m
Page 188 and 189: compartments (Section 6.1.1) pH val
Page 190 and 191: generally about anaerobic digestion
Page 192 and 193: 7.1.1.6 Effect of sludge age on bio
Page 194 and 195: 7.1.2.4 Critical design parameters
Page 196 and 197: 172
Page 198 and 199: Batstone D. J., Keller J., Angelida
Page 200 and 201: Gopala K. G. V. T. (2007). Treatmen
Page 202 and 203: MacLeod F. A., Guiot S. R. and Cost
Page 206 and 207: Wanasen (2003). Upgrading conventio
Page 209 and 210: METTHODS OFF SAMPLINNG AND ANNALYSI
Page 211 and 212: 3.6 Enumeration of total coliforms
Page 213 and 214: that the means are the same, or con
Page 215 and 216: And the significance of the regress
Page 217 and 218: ADDITIONAL RESULTS 193 APPENDIX A3
Page 219 and 220: Table A3. 1 cont. Phase I Phase II
Page 221 and 222: each of the eight compartments were
Page 223 and 224: 3.2 Pathogen indicator organisms A
Page 225 and 226: APPLIED VS. APPARENT HYDRAULIC RETE
Page 227 and 228: 19 h apparent HRT 14 h apparent HRT
Page 229 and 230: 205 APPENDIX A5 CALCULATION OF SOLI
Page 231 and 232: i.e. the average SRT of an accumula
Page 233: X X = P Inert ⋅ where Xinert is t
Page 236 and 237: iodegradable organic material may b
Page 238 and 239: Substituting Eq. A6- 1 in Eq. A6- 7
Page 240 and 241: 1.5 Implementation of steady-state
Page 242 and 243: X = 7⋅ Y = 7 Z = 7⋅ A = 7⋅ (
Page 244 and 245: Dama, P., Bell J., Naidoo, V., Foxo
Page 246: Lalbahadur T. (2004) Characterisati
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