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3 PHASE II-IV: OPERATION OF PILOT-SCALE ABR AT KINGSBURGH WWTP 3.1 Influent characteristics Ranked COD values [mgCOD/ℓ] Ranked Ammonia values [mgN/ℓ] Ranked Total solids values [mgTS/ℓ] 1600 1200 800 400 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 750 500 250 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 0 400 800 1200 1600 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability) (a) (b) 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 0 20 40 60 80 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability) (c) (d) 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 250 500 750 1000 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability) (e) (f) Figure A3. 2: Rank probit plots showing concentrations of determinands in inflow stream during Phase II-IV at Kingsburgh WWTP (a) COD; (b) alkalinity; (c) free and saline ammonia; (d) total phosphate; (e) total solids; and (f) pH values. Ranked Alkalinity values [mgCaCO 3/ℓ] Ranked phosphate values [mgP/ℓ] Ranked pH values 198 300 200 100 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 0 100 200 300 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability) 5% 25% 50% 75% 95% 0 10 20 30 40 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability) 25% 75% 5% 50% 95% 4 5 6 7 8 Values of normal distribution (Inverse normal probability)
3.2 Pathogen indicator organisms A portion of the MSc research undertaken by Pillay (2006) investigated the fate of pathogen indicator organisms in the pilot-scale ABR during Phase IV. Measurements of Escherichia coli (E. coli), total coliforms, coliphages and helminth eggs were made on samples obtained from the inflow and outflow of the pilot-scale ABR. • Total coliforms and E. coli were simultaneously determined by the membrane filtration technique according to Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). Coliforms were enumerated as colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mℓ. Results provide an indication of the fate of general bacteria (total coliforms) and bacteria of human faecal origin (E. coli) in the pilot-scale ABR. • Coliphages are routinely used as viral indicators. Measurement of coliphage incidence involves enumerating the bacteriophage of host culture E. coli (ATCC 13706) using a double layer technique; bacteriophages cause lysis on a lawn of E. coli host cells, forming clear plaques and were enumerated as plaque forming units (pfu) per 100 mℓ. • Enumeration of helminth eggs was limited to a single helminth genus, namely Ascaris. Raw wastewater (1ℓ) and flow from the ABR outlet (10ℓ) were collected on a weekly basis and allowed to sediment for 18 h. The supernatant of samples was discarded and the remaining sediments were centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 min. The centrifuged supernatant was discarded and parasite eggs were counted using a modified Bailenger method (Ayres and Mara, 1996) Coliforms [log cfu/100mℓ] 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 May04 T. Coli (in) T. Coli (out) Jun04 Jul04 Coliphage (in) 0 50 100 150 Time [d] Figure A3. 3: Phase IV: Pathogen indicator organisms in the inflow and outflow. (Mean A- HRT approximately 42 h). Inflow and outflow total coliforms (-▲- and -●-), E. Coli (··∆·· and ··○··) and coliphage (-×- and -+-) are shown. Average E. coli concentration measurements in the pilot-scale ABR outflow ranged from 7 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 7 cfu/100 mℓ with an average reduction from inflow to outflow of 76 % (1.87 log reduction). Total coliform concentrations in the outflow were in the range 1 x 10 6 to 2 x 10 7 cfu/100 mℓ with an average removal efficiency of 83 % (1.9 log reduction). 199 Aug04 Coliphage (out) Sep04 E. Coli (in) Oct04 E. Coli (out) 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 Coliphage [log pfu/100mℓ]
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ANALYSIS OF A PILOT-SCALE ANAEROBIC
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i DECLARATIONS I, Katherine Maria F
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My deepest thanks must be extended
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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF A
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5.3 Feed characteristics and loadin
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xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List o
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xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Gr
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Figure 5.1 Installation of the ABR
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Figure 6.8: WEST® representation o
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xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A-HRT App
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1 1 INTRODUCTION The work presented
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obtained from anaerobic systems rel
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• Lalbahadur (MTech, 2005) perfor
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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS This
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9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW A detailed re
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• Disintegration of composite par
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Homoacetogens are one of the most v
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Most of the control in anaerobic di
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therefore the sensitivity of the ov
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∆Gº (W) [kcal] -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 L
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For systems with low potential for
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design of the digester in which the
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2.2.2 Expanded granular sludge bed
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fact that for most non-ideal flow s
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hydrolysis steps to convert them to
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from the clarified zone between the
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Table 2.4: Typical pathogen surviva
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Table 2.5: Studies using anaerobic
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• There is no requirement for bio
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Kennedy and Barriault (2005) perfor
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methanogenic (Akunna and Clark, 200
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and 6 h with no significant differe
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2.5.1.12 Granule formation in ABRs
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• A baffled reactor is described
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2.5.3.4 Scanning electron microscop
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spacing on flow patterns in a singl
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Figure 3.5: Orthographic projection
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PLC calculated the fraction of that
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epresent buulk conditionns. Compart
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The rreactor was initially commmiss
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Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
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Table 4.1: Characteristics of degri
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Table 4.2: Pilot-scale ABR approxim
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COD [mgCOD/ℓ] 2000 1800 1600 1400
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4.3.5 Phosphorus Figure 4.8 present
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Observation of sludge in compartmen
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Another interesting observation is
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4.4.3 pH pH measurements were perfo
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esult in low pH values. The reasons
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4.5 SUMMARY: PHASE I - OPERATION AT
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than the optimal range for methanog
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5 EXPERIMENTAL PHASES II-IV: KINGSB
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sludge on a number of occasions. Wh
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On days 99 and 100 of Phase III, a
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5.3.2 Analysis of variations in fee
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Table 5.2: Pilot-scale ABR average
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5.4.1.2 Phase III In Phase III, (Fi
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Phase II: Alkalinity [mgCaCO3/ℓ]
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Eq. 5-1 However, at a COD/SO4 2- ra
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wastewater was probably higher than
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5.5.2.2 Damping Figure 5.12 and Fig
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• The outflow COD values were not
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• Information about the volume of
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As with the total volume of sludge
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It is not clear why the rate of acc
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most compartments was exactly 6.5,
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Soluble COD [mg/ℓ] 600 500 400 30
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pathogens and parasites, which may
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% Probe of DAPI % Probe of DAPI % P
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later compartments at all. Furtherm
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and 4, with decreasing observations
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• The mechanism of sludge build-u
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Table 5.6: Inflow and outflow chara
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Behling et al. (1997) studied the p
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organisms in previous compartments.
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velocities. Unfortunately, these tw
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Thus for a fixed sludge load, at hi
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sampling was not possible since in
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Wentzel (2006) recommends a COD to
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6.2.1.4 Calculation of CH4 producti
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organically bound N) or that N accu
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All VFA is consumed in the process,
Page 172 and 173: However, these assumptions are clea
Page 174 and 175: The calculated pH value is compared
Page 176 and 177: influent alkalinity will increase d
Page 178 and 179: The original objective to develop a
Page 180 and 181: • It was not possible to simulate
Page 182 and 183: employed for a medium strength wast
Page 184 and 185: 6.6.4 Alternative baffle design Thi
Page 186 and 187: 6.7.3 Monitoring requirements The m
Page 188 and 189: compartments (Section 6.1.1) pH val
Page 190 and 191: generally about anaerobic digestion
Page 192 and 193: 7.1.1.6 Effect of sludge age on bio
Page 194 and 195: 7.1.2.4 Critical design parameters
Page 196 and 197: 172
Page 198 and 199: Batstone D. J., Keller J., Angelida
Page 200 and 201: Gopala K. G. V. T. (2007). Treatmen
Page 202 and 203: MacLeod F. A., Guiot S. R. and Cost
Page 204 and 205: Sasse L. (1998). Decentralised wast
Page 206 and 207: Wanasen (2003). Upgrading conventio
Page 209 and 210: METTHODS OFF SAMPLINNG AND ANNALYSI
Page 211 and 212: 3.6 Enumeration of total coliforms
Page 213 and 214: that the means are the same, or con
Page 215 and 216: And the significance of the regress
Page 217 and 218: ADDITIONAL RESULTS 193 APPENDIX A3
Page 219 and 220: Table A3. 1 cont. Phase I Phase II
Page 221: each of the eight compartments were
Page 225 and 226: APPLIED VS. APPARENT HYDRAULIC RETE
Page 227 and 228: 19 h apparent HRT 14 h apparent HRT
Page 229 and 230: 205 APPENDIX A5 CALCULATION OF SOLI
Page 231 and 232: i.e. the average SRT of an accumula
Page 233: X X = P Inert ⋅ where Xinert is t
Page 236 and 237: iodegradable organic material may b
Page 238 and 239: Substituting Eq. A6- 1 in Eq. A6- 7
Page 240 and 241: 1.5 Implementation of steady-state
Page 242 and 243: X = 7⋅ Y = 7 Z = 7⋅ A = 7⋅ (
Page 244 and 245: Dama, P., Bell J., Naidoo, V., Foxo
Page 246: Lalbahadur T. (2004) Characterisati
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