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Dama, P., Bell J., Naidoo, V., Foxon, K.M., Brouckaert, C.J., Buckley, C.A. and Stuckey, D. (2001) The anaerobic baffled reactor for the treatment of domestic wastewater in dense peri-urban communities. Proceedings. IWA Conference on Water and Wastewater Management in Developing Countries, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29-31 October 2001. Foxon K.M., Dama P., Bell J. and Buckley C.A. (2001) Design considerations for the implementation of an anaerobic baffled reactor in low-income settlements in KwaZulu-Natal. Proceedings. IWA Conference on Water and Wastewater Management in Developing Countries, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29-31 October 2001. Dama P., Bell J., Foxon K.M., Brouckaert C.J., Huang T., Buckley C.A., Naidoo V. and Stuckey D. (2002) Pilot-scale study of an anaerobic baffled reactor for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Proceedings. 2002 Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, 19-23 May 2002 (poster). Foxon, K.M., Dama, P. and Buckley C.A. (2002). Application of aquatic modelling of the design of an anaerobic baffled reactor for peri-urban sanitation. Proceedings. 2002 Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, 19-23 May 2002 (poster). Foxon, K.M., Brouckaert, C.J. and Buckley, C.A. (2003) The application of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) to sanitation in peri-urban communities. Proceedings. WWWest 2003 meeting of WEST Scientific Support Centres, 14 - 16 April 2003. N. Arjun, M. Smith, N. Rodda and C. Buckley (2003) Determination of quality of drinking water from standpipes and ground tanks in the Cato Manor peri-urban settlement 16th SASM-KZN Symposium, Durban 2003 S. Pillay, N. Rodda, M. Smith, K. Foxon, C. Buckley (2003) Pathogen Deactivation and Microbial Community Analysis of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor. Proceedings 16th Annual Symposium of the South African Society for Microbiology –KZN, 2003. Mackay, N., Smith, A., Rodda, N. and Buckley, C.A. (2003) Feasibility study of the use of effluent from an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) for irrigation in a peri-urban community (Cato Manor, Durban) Proceedings. International Water Association Symposium on Health-Related Water Microbiology, Cape Town, South Africa, 14-19 September 2003. (poster). Lalbahadur T., Pillay S., Rodda N., Smith M., Buckley C. Holder, F., Bux F. and Foxon K. (2004) Microbiological Studies of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor : Microbial Community Characterisation Deactivation of Health-related Indicator Bacteria Proceedings: 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Recycle, Esplanade Hotel Fremantle, Western Australia, 11-13 February 2004. Foxon K., Mtembu D., Pillay S., Rodda N., Smith M. and Buckley C. (2004) The Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR): An Appropriate Technology for On-site Sanitation Proceedings: 1st International Conference on Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Recycle, Esplanade Hotel Fremantle, Western Australia, 11-13 February 2004 220
Foxon, K.M. Brouckaert, C.J. Remigi, E.U. and Buckley, C.A. (2004) Biochemical modelling of the anaerobic baffled reactor. Proceedings. 2004 Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Cape Town, South Africa, 2-6 May 2004. Foxon K.M., Brouckaert C.J., Remigi E. and Buckley C.A. (2004) The anaerobic baffled reactor: An appropriate technology for onsite sanitation. Proceedings. 2004 Water Institute of Southern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Cape Town, South Africa, 2-6 May 2004. Arjun N., Joubert J-P, Smith M., Rodda N. and Buckley C. (2004) Water Quality at Point for Users Supplied by Standpipes and Groundtanks in a Peri-urban Community Proceedings: Specialist Conference on Water and Wastewater Management for Developing Countries (WAMDEC 2004) : Innovative And Sustainable Approaches For Serving The Poor, Elephant Hills Hotel, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 28-30 July 2004 Pillay S., Foxon K., Smith M., Rodda N., and Buckley C. (2004) Treatment performance and effluent quality from an anaerobic baffled reactor treating domestic wastewaters : Implications for water reuse Proceedings: Specialist Conference on Water and Wastewater Management for Developing Countries (WAMDEC 2004) : Innovative And Sustainable Approaches For Serving The Poor, Elephant Hills Hotel, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 28-30 July 2004 Remigi, E.U. and Foxon K.M. (2004) Modelling of anaerobic digestion processes: A review. Proceedings. Research and Innovation in Wastewater Treatment. Workshop dedicated to the memory of Prof. Alberto Rozzi. Milan – Bologna, 24 – 26 November 2004, Politecnico di Milano, pp. 92 – 112. Pillay S, Foxon K., Rodda N., Smith M. and Buckley C., The use of effluent from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for irrigation in a peri-urban community. Proceedings: Third International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, International Convention Centre, Durban, South Africa, 23-27 May 2005. (Paper) Foxon K. and Buckley C., The ABR Concept: A holistic approach to managing wastewater from lowincome communities and institutions. Proceedings: Third International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, International Convention Centre, Durban, South Africa, 23-27 May 2005. (Paper) Arjun N., Foxon K., Smith M., Rodda N., and Buckley C. (2005) Characterisation of the wastewater produced by a developing community. Proceedings: Third International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, International Convention Centre, Durban, South Africa, 23-27 May 2005. (Poster) Foxon K.M. and C.A. Buckley (2006) Guidelines for the implementation of anaerobic baffled reactors for on-site or decentralized sanitation. Proceedings: WISA Conference 2006, Durban 21 -24 May 2006 (Paper) Foxon KM and C.A Buckley (2007) Analysis of a pilot-scale anaerobic baffled reactor. Proceedings: IWA 11th Congress on Anaerobic Digestion 2007, Brisbane 23 -27 September 2007 (Paper) 4 THESES Mtembu Z. (2005) The anaerobic baffled reactor for sanitation in dense peri-urban settlements. MScEng Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal 221
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ANALYSIS OF A PILOT-SCALE ANAEROBIC
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i DECLARATIONS I, Katherine Maria F
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My deepest thanks must be extended
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vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYSIS OF A
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5.3 Feed characteristics and loadin
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xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: List o
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xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Gr
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Figure 5.1 Installation of the ABR
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Figure 6.8: WEST® representation o
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xix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A-HRT App
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1 1 INTRODUCTION The work presented
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obtained from anaerobic systems rel
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• Lalbahadur (MTech, 2005) perfor
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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS This
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9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW A detailed re
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• Disintegration of composite par
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Homoacetogens are one of the most v
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Most of the control in anaerobic di
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therefore the sensitivity of the ov
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∆Gº (W) [kcal] -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 L
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For systems with low potential for
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design of the digester in which the
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2.2.2 Expanded granular sludge bed
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fact that for most non-ideal flow s
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hydrolysis steps to convert them to
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from the clarified zone between the
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Table 2.4: Typical pathogen surviva
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Table 2.5: Studies using anaerobic
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• There is no requirement for bio
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Kennedy and Barriault (2005) perfor
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methanogenic (Akunna and Clark, 200
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and 6 h with no significant differe
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2.5.1.12 Granule formation in ABRs
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• A baffled reactor is described
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2.5.3.4 Scanning electron microscop
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spacing on flow patterns in a singl
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Figure 3.5: Orthographic projection
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PLC calculated the fraction of that
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epresent buulk conditionns. Compart
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The rreactor was initially commmiss
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Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV
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Table 4.1: Characteristics of degri
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Table 4.2: Pilot-scale ABR approxim
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COD [mgCOD/ℓ] 2000 1800 1600 1400
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4.3.5 Phosphorus Figure 4.8 present
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Observation of sludge in compartmen
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Another interesting observation is
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4.4.3 pH pH measurements were perfo
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esult in low pH values. The reasons
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4.5 SUMMARY: PHASE I - OPERATION AT
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than the optimal range for methanog
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5 EXPERIMENTAL PHASES II-IV: KINGSB
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sludge on a number of occasions. Wh
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On days 99 and 100 of Phase III, a
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5.3.2 Analysis of variations in fee
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Table 5.2: Pilot-scale ABR average
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5.4.1.2 Phase III In Phase III, (Fi
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Phase II: Alkalinity [mgCaCO3/ℓ]
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Eq. 5-1 However, at a COD/SO4 2- ra
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wastewater was probably higher than
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5.5.2.2 Damping Figure 5.12 and Fig
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• The outflow COD values were not
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• Information about the volume of
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As with the total volume of sludge
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It is not clear why the rate of acc
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most compartments was exactly 6.5,
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Soluble COD [mg/ℓ] 600 500 400 30
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pathogens and parasites, which may
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% Probe of DAPI % Probe of DAPI % P
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later compartments at all. Furtherm
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and 4, with decreasing observations
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• The mechanism of sludge build-u
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Table 5.6: Inflow and outflow chara
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Behling et al. (1997) studied the p
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organisms in previous compartments.
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velocities. Unfortunately, these tw
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Thus for a fixed sludge load, at hi
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sampling was not possible since in
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Wentzel (2006) recommends a COD to
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6.2.1.4 Calculation of CH4 producti
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organically bound N) or that N accu
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All VFA is consumed in the process,
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However, these assumptions are clea
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The calculated pH value is compared
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influent alkalinity will increase d
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The original objective to develop a
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• It was not possible to simulate
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employed for a medium strength wast
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6.6.4 Alternative baffle design Thi
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6.7.3 Monitoring requirements The m
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compartments (Section 6.1.1) pH val
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generally about anaerobic digestion
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7.1.1.6 Effect of sludge age on bio
Page 194 and 195: 7.1.2.4 Critical design parameters
Page 196 and 197: 172
Page 198 and 199: Batstone D. J., Keller J., Angelida
Page 200 and 201: Gopala K. G. V. T. (2007). Treatmen
Page 202 and 203: MacLeod F. A., Guiot S. R. and Cost
Page 204 and 205: Sasse L. (1998). Decentralised wast
Page 206 and 207: Wanasen (2003). Upgrading conventio
Page 209 and 210: METTHODS OFF SAMPLINNG AND ANNALYSI
Page 211 and 212: 3.6 Enumeration of total coliforms
Page 213 and 214: that the means are the same, or con
Page 215 and 216: And the significance of the regress
Page 217 and 218: ADDITIONAL RESULTS 193 APPENDIX A3
Page 219 and 220: Table A3. 1 cont. Phase I Phase II
Page 221 and 222: each of the eight compartments were
Page 223 and 224: 3.2 Pathogen indicator organisms A
Page 225 and 226: APPLIED VS. APPARENT HYDRAULIC RETE
Page 227 and 228: 19 h apparent HRT 14 h apparent HRT
Page 229 and 230: 205 APPENDIX A5 CALCULATION OF SOLI
Page 231 and 232: i.e. the average SRT of an accumula
Page 233: X X = P Inert ⋅ where Xinert is t
Page 236 and 237: iodegradable organic material may b
Page 238 and 239: Substituting Eq. A6- 1 in Eq. A6- 7
Page 240 and 241: 1.5 Implementation of steady-state
Page 242 and 243: X = 7⋅ Y = 7 Z = 7⋅ A = 7⋅ (
Page 246: Lalbahadur T. (2004) Characterisati
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