the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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CHAPTER SIX: THE OKAVANGO DELTA'S TOURISM INDUSTRY 6.1 Introduction 218 6.2 Tourism in Botswana 218 6.3 Tourism in the Okavango Delta 229 6.3.1 Profile of Tourists in the Okavango Delta Region 230 6.3.1.1 The 'High-Cost' Tourist 230 6.3.1.2 The Mobile Safari Tourist 230 6.3.1.3 The Independent or 'Low-Cost' Tourist 231 6.3.1.4 Safari Hunters 231 6.3.2 Annual Tourist Numbers 231 6.3.3 Origin of Tourists 235 6.3.4 The Tourism Accommodation Sector 237 6.3.4.1 Tourist Facilities in the Okavango Delta 238 6.3.4.2 The Number of Days Spent by Tourists in the Okavango 6.3.4.3 6.3.4.4 6.3.4.5 6.3.4.6 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.3.1 6.4.3.2 6.4.4 6.4.4.1 6.4.4.2 6.5 Delta Tourist or Visitor Expenditure The Okavango Delta's Tourist Season The Establishment and Ownership of Tourist Facilities in the Okavango Delta Region Enclave Tourism The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Okavango Delta Region Contribution to GDP and Foreign Exchange Earnings Tourism's Contribution to Government Revenue Creation of Employment Educational Background and Training of Tourism Employees Salary Structures of Tourist Facility Workers Tourism's Contribution to Infrastructural Development and the Provision of Social Services in the Okavango Delta Region Transport and Communication Systems Airports and Airstrips Summary and Conclusion IX 243 244 247 248 253 257 257 262 265 267 269 273 274 275 276
CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA REGION 7.1 Introduction 278 7.2 Wildlife, Fish and Vegetation Resources in the Okavango Delta 7.2.1 Wildlife Resources in the Okavango Delta 279 7.2.1.1 Habitat Degradation by Man-Made Fires 282 7.2.1.2 Fences 284 7.2.1.3 Cattle Ranching 284 7.2.1.4 Hunting 285 7.2.1.5 Lack of Community Participation in Wildlife Management 286 7.2.1.6 Lack of Planning, Co-ordination and Communication 286 7.2.2 Local Communities and Wildlife Resources in the 279 Okavango Delta 287 7.2.2.1 Benefits to Local Communities From Wildlife Resources 287 7.2.2.2 Role of Local Communities in Wildlife Management 289 7.2.2.3 Attitudes and Perceptions of the Local Communities 290 7.2.3 Stakeholders and Resource Use Conflicts in the Okavango Delta 292 7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife Management 296 7.2.3.2 Livestock Farming and Wildlife Management 297 7.2.4 Integrated Wildlife Management in the Okavango Delta 299 7.2.5 Fish Resources in the Okavango Delta 302 7.2.5.1 The Use of Fish Resources by the Local Inhabitants 302 7.2.5.2 Use of Fish Resources by the Tourism Industry 305 7.2.5.3 Fisheries Management 307 7.2.6 Plant Resources in the Okavango Delta 308 7.2.6.1 The Use of Plants in the Okavango Delta 309 7.2.6.2 Botswanacraft 311 7.2.6.3 The Impacts of the Tourism Industry on the Okavango Delta's Plant Resources 313 7.2.7 Changing Lifestyles and Natural Resource Utilisation in the Okavango Delta 314 7.2.7.1 Household Welfare and New Incomes 315 x
Page 1 and 2: ;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
Page 3 and 4: ;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
Page 7 and 8: 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
Page 9: 5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
Page 13 and 14: 8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
Page 15 and 16: REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
Page 17 and 18: Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
Page 21 and 22: ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
Page 23: SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
Page 26 and 27: Empirical evidence, however, does n
Page 28 and 29: norms of its people. To date, the g
Page 30 and 31: numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
Page 32 and 33: 4. Establish the extent of natural
Page 34 and 35: detailed in chapter five. The insti
Page 36 and 37: destinations, concentrating on its
Page 38 and 39: serious academic consideration. The
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
Page 42 and 43: management strategies are implement
Page 44 and 45: Tourism should thus be regarded as
Page 46 and 47: exchange, investment, income and em
Page 48 and 49: problem. He states that it is time
Page 50 and 51: The first assumption is largely bas
Page 52 and 53: However, as Western (1993) points o
Page 54: Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
Page 57 and 58: tourism, the type of skills that ar
Page 59 and 60: Despite the various economic benefi
Page 61 and 62:
Some cultural modifications due to
Page 63 and 64:
2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
Page 65 and 66:
However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
Page 67 and 68:
or displacing another group of user
Page 69 and 70:
protection of the environment was t
Page 71 and 72:
These range from the numerous impac
Page 73 and 74:
difficult to foresee and which refl
Page 75 and 76:
carried unintentionally on the shoe
Page 77 and 78:
Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
Page 79 and 80:
waste is being developed or upgrade
Page 81 and 82:
water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
Page 91 and 92:
also be described as a 'deep ecolog
Page 93 and 94:
Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
Page 111 and 112:
The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
Page 115 and 116:
As previously discussed, the proces
Page 117 and 118:
The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
Page 125 and 126:
Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
Page 127 and 128:
hypothesised, further, that tourism
Page 129 and 130:
Qualitative research within the fie
Page 131 and 132:
4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
Page 133 and 134:
4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
Page 136 and 137:
4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
Page 138:
development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
Page 144 and 145:
diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
Page 154 and 155:
Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
Page 159 and 160:
5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
Page 161 and 162:
international controversy over its
Page 163 and 164:
hectare minimum necessary for house
Page 165 and 166:
the backbone of the rural economy.
Page 168 and 169:
Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
Page 262:
most direct economic impacts of tou
Page 265 and 266:
Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
Page 267 and 268:
tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
Page 271 and 272:
validated by the Tawana Land Board
Page 273 and 274:
companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
Page 275 and 276:
Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
Page 277 and 278:
Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
Page 291 and 292:
Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
Page 302 and 303:
CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
Page 304 and 305:
natural resources of water and pris
Page 306 and 307:
According to personal interviews co
Page 308 and 309:
• • • • • • • • Dea
Page 310 and 311:
Experience shows that some animals,
Page 312 and 313:
inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
Page 314 and 315:
control is vested with central gove
Page 316 and 317:
conservation area. This led to conf
Page 318 and 319:
Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
Page 324 and 325:
Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
Page 326 and 327:
Botswana because populations of bot
Page 328 and 329:
Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
Page 334:
different products, wood is perhaps
Page 337 and 338:
Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
Page 339 and 340:
populations in the rivers have drop
Page 341 and 342:
The importance of people remaining
Page 343 and 344:
CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
Page 347 and 348:
no longer an important livelihood s
Page 349 and 350:
• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
Page 353 and 354:
Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
Page 355 and 356:
7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
Page 357 and 358:
at the same time allowing them to d
Page 359 and 360:
eports on financial management and
Page 361 and 362:
Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
Page 363 and 364:
their land, etc., such as cash, mea
Page 365 and 366:
7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
Page 367 and 368:
8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
Page 369 and 370:
tourists in an area provide a sourc
Page 371 and 372:
are left to perform all the traditi
Page 373 and 374:
8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
Page 377 and 378:
most of these impacts remain unchec
Page 379 and 380:
According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
Page 381 and 382:
8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
Page 385 and 386:
iverine systems. According to Tache
Page 387 and 388:
implement laws and regulations cont
Page 389 and 390:
and resulted in the publication of
Page 391 and 392:
lowest, and substantial proportions
Page 393:
Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
Page 398 and 399:
most to lose if the Okavango in its
Page 400 and 401:
• Development of monitoring syste
Page 402 and 403:
Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
Page 404 and 405:
CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
Page 408 and 409:
For example, the government has gon
Page 410 and 411:
As such, it is only recently that t
Page 412 and 413:
According to Torres (1996), a wide
Page 414 and 415:
of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417:
Even though Botswana has developed
Page 418 and 419:
iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
Page 422 and 423:
As such, this study has revealed th
Page 424 and 425:
The development of tourism in the O
Page 426 and 427:
9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
Page 428 and 429:
the Botswana government committed i
Page 430 and 431:
Thirdly, almost the only interest e
Page 432 and 433:
The following recommendations are p
Page 434 and 435:
Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
Page 438 and 439:
the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441:
9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
Page 442 and 443:
Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445:
Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486:
Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488:
State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
Page 495:
16. Do you think that the developme
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