the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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Table 6.8: Lodges, Hotels and Safari Camps in the Okavango Delta and Maun Name of Facility Type of Facility Name of Facility Type of Facility 1. Drotsky's Cabins Lodge 50. Nxabega Safari camp Safari Camp 2. Shakawe Fishing Lodge Lodge 51. Kanana Camp Safari Camp 3. Xaro Lodge Lodge 52. Pom Pom Camp Safari Camp 4. Nxamaseri Fishing Lodge Lodge 53. Mokolwane Camp Safari Camp 5. Sepopa Swamp Stop Fishing Camp 54. Abu Camp/Elephant Safaris Safari Camp 6. Seronga House Boat House Boat (Lodge) 55. Macatoo Camp Safari Camp 7. Mbiroba Camp Safari Camp 56. Kwetsani Camp Safari Camp 8. Guma Island Lodge Lodge 57. Jacana Camp Safari Camp 9. Guma Lagoon Fishing Camp Fishing Camp 58. Tubu Tree Camp Safari Camp 10. Makwena Safari Camp Safari Camp 59. Jao Camp Safari Camp 11. Jedibe Island Camp Safari Camp 60. Xigera Camp Safari Camp 12. Duba Plains Camp Safari Camp 61. Little Mombo Camp Safari Camp 13. Vumbura Camp Safari Camp 62. Mombo Camp Safari Camp 14. Vumbura Little Camp Safari Camp 63. Chiefs Safari Camp Safari Camp 15. Kaparota Camp Safari Camp 64. Motswiri Camp Safari Camp 16. Xugana Island Lodge Lodge 65. Modumo Lodge Lodge 17. Camp Okavango Safari Camp 66. Tanuga Camp Safari Camp 18. Shindi Camp Safari Camp 67. Ebony Camp Safari Camp 19. Tsum Tsum Splash Camp Safari Camp 68. Gomoti Camp Safari Camp 20. Kwara Camp Safari Camp 69. Masame Camp Safari Camp 21. Tsaro Elephant Safari Lodge Lodge 70. Mukusi Camp Safari Camp 22. Khwai River Lodge Lodge 71. Vundumtiki Camp Safari Camp 23. Machaba Camp Safari Camp 72. Xeta Fly Camp Safari Camp 24. Camp Okuti Safari Camp 73. Xeta Trails Fly Camp Safari Camp 25. Xakanaxa Camp Safari Camp 74. Kwara Camp (Bird Safaris) Safari Camp 26. Camp Moremi Safari Camp 75. Crocodile Camp Lodge 27. Mankwe Camp Safari Camp 76. Motsentsela Tree Lodge Lodge 28. Kaziikini Camp Safari Camp 77. Maun Lodge Lodge 29. San-ta-wani Camp Safari Camp 78. Riley's Hotel Hotel 30. Starling's Camp Safari Camp 79. Sedia Hotel Hotel 31. Chitabe Camp Safari Camp 80. Maun Rest Camp Safari Camp 32. Chitabe Trails Camp Safari Camp 81. Audi Camp Safari Camp 33. Sandibe Camp Safari Camp 82. Sitatunga Camp and Crocodile Farm Safari Camp 34. Stanley's Camp Safari Camp 83. Okavango River Lodge Lodge 35. Ivory Camp Safari Camp 84. Island safari Lodge Lodge 36. Semetsi Camp Safari Camp 85. Thamalakane Lodge Lodge 37. Gunn's Camp Safari Camp 38. Oddballs Lodge Lodge 39. Delta Camp Safari Camp 40. Eagle Island Camp/Xaxaba Camp Safari Camp 41. Gubanare Camp Safari Camp 42. Kiri Camp Safari Camp 43. Rann's Safari Camp Safari Camp 44. Mantis Walking Trail Safari Camp 45. Eden Walking Trail Safari Camp 46. Baobab Walking Trail Safari Camp 47. Xudum Safari Camp Safari Camp 48. Kujwana Safari Camp Safari Camp 49. Qwaapu Safari Camp Safari Camp Source: Adapted From Main, 2001; Roodt, 2004. 240
Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation Facilities in Maun and the Okavango Delta in 1989 and 2001 Type of Facility 1989 2001 Lodges 8 17 Camps 23 66 Hotels 1 2 Totals 32 85 Source: Adapted From Mpotokwane, 1990; Main, 2001; Roodt, 2004. In 1989 there were approximately 15 non-permanent fishing and hunting camps located in the Okavango Delta, which have increased to an estimated 45 over the past 16 years (Mpotokwane, 1990; Main, 2001; Roodt, 2004). The increase in accommodation facilities is associated with an increase in the number of available rooms and beds in Botswana. According to the Botswana Tourism Development Program (BTDP) (1999), there were 1759 rooms and 3562 beds available in Botswana in 1996. Maun and the Okavango Delta accounted for 258 rooms, which was 14.7 percent of the total share of rooms in the country. By 1998 it was estimated that the total number of rooms in serviced accommodation had increased to 2284 rooms spread over 114 establishments, of which 482 rooms or 21.1 percent were in Maun and the Okavango region. In 2001, the 85 permanent lodges, hotels and safari camps in the Okavango were found to have a total of approximately 600 rooms or 1500 beds (BTDP, 1999; Mbaiwa, 2002). Most tourist accommodation facilities in the Okavango Delta have, on average, more than 50 tourists staying there each month. However, according to some of the managers interviewed, during the peak tourist season (April to September) in northern Botswana, there are often up to more than 500 tourists staying at some of the larger facilities in a single month in the Delta, particularly in Maun (Figure 6.5). 241
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
Page 212 and 213: other hand, veterinary officers wer
Page 214 and 215: • • • • As with other natur
Page 216 and 217: • Problems with solid waste dispo
Page 218 and 219: natural resources and to increase t
Page 220 and 221: ineffective in ensuring that all to
Page 222 and 223: development which emphasise the par
Page 224 and 225: The National Conservation Strategy
Page 226 and 227: The growth of tourism in the Okavan
Page 228 and 229: fifteen year period. The community-
Page 230 and 231: • The 5-year review policy left m
Page 232 and 233: government also provides 85 percent
Page 235 and 236: Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
Page 237 and 238: for several consecutive years, the
Page 239 and 240: and water, but fortunately the Bots
Page 241 and 242: It is in the context of the above t
Page 243 and 244: income, and presumably high spendin
Page 245 and 246: Although several researchers noted
Page 247 and 248: In order for local Botswana citizen
Page 249: Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
Page 252 and 253: Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
Page 254 and 255: earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
Page 256 and 257: eference to the Okavango Delta regi
Page 258 and 259: With regards to tourist/visitor num
Page 260 and 261: European and North American origin,
Page 262: most direct economic impacts of tou
Page 267 and 268: tend to vary in terms of standards
Page 269 and 270: Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
Page 271 and 272: validated by the Tawana Land Board
Page 273 and 274: companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
Page 275 and 276: Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
Page 277 and 278: Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
Page 279 and 280: indicates that Botswana has more ar
Page 281 and 282: 6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
Page 283 and 284: weakest with agriculture, construct
Page 285 and 286: As noted earlier, the greater major
Page 287 and 288: Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
Page 289 and 290: evenue collection from the various
Page 291 and 292: Despite these conflicting employmen
Page 294 and 295: According to the study carried out
Page 296 and 297: management positions in the tourism
Page 298 and 299: Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
Page 300 and 301: Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
Page 302 and 303: CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
Page 304 and 305: natural resources of water and pris
Page 306 and 307: According to personal interviews co
Page 308 and 309: • • • • • • • • Dea
Page 310 and 311: Experience shows that some animals,
Page 312 and 313: inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
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Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
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9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
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Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
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Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
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State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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16. Do you think that the developme
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