the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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APPENDIX FIVE: QUESTIONNAIRE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL INHABITANTS LIVING IN THE OKAVANGO REGION REGARDING THEIR OPINIONS AND ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE AREAS NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM INDUSTRY Name of village/town: Age of interviewee: Sex of interviewee: 1. Are you formally employed? 2. If yes, where do you work/what do you do? 3. If no, what activities do you do to make a living? 4. Have you lived in this town/village your whole life? 5. If no, when did you move here; where did you come from; and why did you move? 6. Do you/your family eat fish caught from the Okavango? 7. If yes, who catches this fish/where do you get it from? 8. How often do you eat fish? 9. Is this fish you/your families main source of meat? 10. Do you or the household in which you live receive any benefits from wildlife in the Ngamiland District? 11. If you and your family do not receive any benefits from wildlife, who do you think the wildlife in Ngamiland District benefits? 12. Do you think it is important for local communities to participate in wildlife management in the Ngamiland District? (Give reasons) 13. Do you think that the provision of social services and infrastructure (e.g. schools, shops, clinics, tarred roads, banks, petrol stations, electricity) in Maun and the rest of Ngamiland District was directly influenced by the development of the tourism industry in the Okavango Delta region? 14. If no, what do you think this provision of social services and infrastructure is a result of? 15. Do you think that the development of the tourism industry in the Okavango Delta is having a negative impact on the region's local inhabitants/communities? (Give reasons) 470
16. Do you think that the development of the tourism industry is having a negative impact on the Okavango Delta's environment? (Give reasons) 471
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
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Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
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9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445: Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447: Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449: Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451: Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453: Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455: Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457: Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459: Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461: Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463: Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465: Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467: Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469: Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471: Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473: Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475: Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477: Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479: Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482: Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484: APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486: Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488: State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
Page 489 and 490: 10. Is the condition of the environ
Page 491 and 492: APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
Page 493: 10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
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