the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and Problems of Tourism in the Economy of Botswana. In Pfotenhauer, L. (Ed) 1990. Tourism in Botswana: Proceedings of a Symposium, 15 -19 October, 1990. Botswana Society: Gaborone. Hitchcock, R K. 2000. The Kavango Basin: A Case Study. Water Policy International: UK. Hitchcock, R K. 2002. The Water Page: Return to the Okavango. The African Water PagelWater Policy International: UK. Hoon, P. 2003. 'Wealth-in-people' or 'wealth-in-money': Tracing the embeddedness of community based conservation in the Panhandle of the Okavango Delta. Paper prepared for the Meeting of the American Political Science Association: Philadelphia. Ivey, G. 1997. The Psychology of Satanic Cult Involvement: An Archetypal Object Relations Perspective. University of Natal: Pietermaritzburg. Jones, B. T. B. 1999. Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana and Namibia: an inventory and preliminary analysis of progress. Evaluating Eden Series Discussion Paper No. 6, liED. Kalikawe, M. C. 1997. Wildlife Friendly Fencing. In Conservation and Management of Wildlife in Botswana - Strategies for the 21 st Century. Proceedings of a Conference hosted by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks and Kalahari Conservation Society: Gaborone. Kann, U., Ahmed, M., Chilisa, S., Dikole, R, King, P., Malikongwa, M., Marope, L. and Shastri, V. 1998. Education and Employment in Botswana. University of Botswana: Gaborone. Keatimilwe, K. P. 1992. Current Uses of Natural Resources in Rural Areas and Needs for Rehabilitation. Botswana Society Workshop on Sustainable Rural Development: Gaborone. Kelly, N. 1993. The Cost of Holiday: Thailand. BBC Worldwide. 426
Kgathi, D. L., Mbaiwa, J. E. and Motsholapheko, M. 2002. Local Institutions and Natural Resource Management in Ngamiland. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre/University of Botswana: Maun. Larson, T. J. 1988. The Ecological Adaptation of the Bayeyi of the Okavango Delta. National Geographic Society: Washington DC. Lawson, D. 1992. The Implementation of Wildlife Utilisation in Botswana: Needed Administrative Changes. In Which Way Botswana's Environment? Kalahari Conservation Society SymposiumlWorkshop: Gaborone. Leinaeng, L. 1989. Optimal Utilization of Natural Resources: The Okavango Delta Wildlife Utilization. University of Botswana: Gaborone. Leiper, N. 1990. Tourism Systems. Massey University Department of Management Systems Occasional Paper 2: Auckland, New Zealand. Mair, H., Reid, D., George, W. and Taylor, J. 2001. Planning for Growth? Re-thinking the Rural Tourism Opportunity. Faculty of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph: Guelph, Ontario. Manik, S. 2005. Trials, Tribulations and Triumphs of Transnational Teachers: Teacher migration between South Africa and the United Kingdom. University of KwaZulu Natal: Westville. Masika, A. 1995. Kenya: A review of the Cobra Programme and potential linkages with SADC Countries. In Steiner, A. and Rihoy, E. (Eds) 1995. The Commons Without Tragedy? Strategies for Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Regional Natural Resources Management Programme Annual Conference. SADC Wildlife Technical Co-ordinating Unit: Kasane. Mathuba, B. M. 1998. Institutional Mechanisms of Land Use and Controls in Botswana. University of Botswana: Gaborone. 427
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;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
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;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
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4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
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8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
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REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
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Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
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ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
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SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
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Empirical evidence, however, does n
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norms of its people. To date, the g
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numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
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4. Establish the extent of natural
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detailed in chapter five. The insti
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destinations, concentrating on its
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serious academic consideration. The
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Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
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management strategies are implement
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Tourism should thus be regarded as
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exchange, investment, income and em
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problem. He states that it is time
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The first assumption is largely bas
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However, as Western (1993) points o
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Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
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tourism, the type of skills that ar
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Despite the various economic benefi
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Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
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However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
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These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
Page 400 and 401: • Development of monitoring syste
Page 402 and 403: Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
Page 404 and 405: CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
Page 406 and 407: circumstances, the impacts of touri
Page 408 and 409: For example, the government has gon
Page 410 and 411: As such, it is only recently that t
Page 412 and 413: According to Torres (1996), a wide
Page 414 and 415: of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
Page 416 and 417: Even though Botswana has developed
Page 418 and 419: iodiversity conservation and rural
Page 420 and 421: overriding challenge facing authori
Page 422 and 423: As such, this study has revealed th
Page 424 and 425: The development of tourism in the O
Page 426 and 427: 9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
Page 428 and 429: the Botswana government committed i
Page 430 and 431: Thirdly, almost the only interest e
Page 432 and 433: The following recommendations are p
Page 434 and 435: Activities common at this time incl
Page 436 and 437: knowledge to bring about sustainabl
Page 438 and 439: the entire Okavango River Basin, by
Page 440 and 441: 9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
Page 442 and 443: Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445: Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447: Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449: Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 452 and 453: Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455: Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457: Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459: Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461: Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463: Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465: Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467: Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469: Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471: Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473: Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475: Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477: Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479: Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482: Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484: APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486: Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
Page 487 and 488: State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
Page 489 and 490: 10. Is the condition of the environ
Page 491 and 492: APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
Page 493 and 494: 10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
Page 495: 16. Do you think that the developme
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