the role of tourism in natural resource management in the okavango ...

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5.2.9.1 Resource Utilisation and Management with Special Reference to Wildlife 5.2.10 Tourism 142 5.3 Background Information on the Okavango Delta Region 144 5.3.1 Introduction 144 5.3.2 Overview of the Okavango Delta Region 145 5.3.2.1 Climate 150 5.3.3 Natural Resources in the Okavango Delta 150 5.3.3.1 Fish Resources 151 5.3.3.2 Soil Resources 152 5.3.3.3 Vegetation Resources 153 5.3.3.4 Wildlife Resources 155 5.3.4 Land Use in the Ngamiland District 156 5.3.5 Socio-Economic Profile of Ngamiland District 157 5.3.5.1 Population 157 5.3.5.2 Employment 158 5.3.5.3 Income 158 5.3.5.4 Social Services 159 5.3.6 Agriculture in the Okavango Delta Region 160 5.3.6.1 Agricultural Production Constraints 162 5.3.6.2 Horticultural Crops 162 5.3.6.3 Livestock Production 163 5.3.6.4 Disease and Mortality 164 5.3.7 Tourism in the Okavango Delta Region 164 5.4 History of Tourism and Natural Resource Management 142 in Botswana and the Okavango Delta 165 5.4.1 Historical Development of Natural Resource Management in the Okavango Delta Region 165 5.4.1.1 Traditional Inhabitants of the Okavango Delta 165 5.4.1.2 Pre-Colonial Natural Resource Management in the Okavango Delta 171 5.4.1.3 Traditional Land Use Management Amongst San Groups 172 5.4.1.4 Ecological Understanding Amongst San Groups 173 5.4.1.5 Bantu-Groups Traditional Resource Management Patterns in the Okavango Delta: Wayeyi, Hambukushu and Dxeriku 174 vu
5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resource Management in the Okavango Delta 5.4.1.7 Customary Law 176 5.4.1.8 The Totemic Law 177 5.4.1.9 The Tribute Law 177 5.4.1.10 5.4.1.11 The Kgotla and Natural Resource Management in the Okavango Delta Introduction of European Trade into the Okavango Delta Region 5.4.1.12 The Beginnings of Conservation in Botswana 181 5.4.1.13 Game Statutory Laws in Colonial Botswana 181 5.4.1.14 National Attitudes Towards Wildlife 182 5.4.1.15 Protected Areas 183 5.4.1.16 Game Reserves 184 5.4.2 Present Day Natural Resource Utilisation and Management 176 178 179 in Botswana 185 5.4.2.1 The Fauna Conservation Act of 1967 185 5.4.2.2 The Fauna Conservation Act No. 47 of 1979 187 5.4.2.3 Wildlife Administration 187 5.4.2.4 The Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) 189 5.4.2.5 The Growth of Modern Tourism in Botswana 193 5.4.2.6 The Department of Tourism 193 5.4.2.7 The Policy Framework 196 5.4.2.8 The Wildlife Conservation Policy of 1986 196 5.4.2.9 The Tourism Policy of 1990 198 5.4.2.10 The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) of 1990 199 5.4.2.11 The Tribal Land Act of 1968 and the Traditional Kgotla Institution 200 5.4.2.12 The Tawana Land Board and Tourism Development 201 5.4.2.13 Post-Colonial Government Support of Agricultural Production 207 5.4.2.14 Veterinary Cordon Fences 208 5.4.2.15 The Impact of Fences of Migration Patterns 211 5.4.2.16 The Okavango Delta and the Fences 214 5.5 Summary and Conclusion 216 V111
Page 1 and 2: ;q::a THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN NATURA
Page 3 and 4: ;;;4 ABSTRACT In recent years the u
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTR
Page 7: 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER SEVEN: NATURAL RESOURCE UTI
Page 13 and 14: 8.2.1 Migration in the Okavango Del
Page 15 and 16: REFERENCES APPENDICES XIV 417 459
Page 17 and 18: Table 6.15: Room and Bed Occupancy
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Study o
Page 21 and 22: ACP ADP AE10 AIDS ALDEP ARAP BAMB B
Page 23: SPSS STMT TGLP UB UNDP UNEP UNRISD
Page 26 and 27: Empirical evidence, however, does n
Page 28 and 29: norms of its people. To date, the g
Page 30 and 31: numbers (Appendix One). Investigati
Page 32 and 33: 4. Establish the extent of natural
Page 34 and 35: detailed in chapter five. The insti
Page 36 and 37: destinations, concentrating on its
Page 38 and 39: serious academic consideration. The
Page 40 and 41: Figure 2.1: Study of Tourism and Ch
Page 42 and 43: management strategies are implement
Page 44 and 45: Tourism should thus be regarded as
Page 46 and 47: exchange, investment, income and em
Page 48 and 49: problem. He states that it is time
Page 50 and 51: The first assumption is largely bas
Page 52 and 53: However, as Western (1993) points o
Page 54: Fourth, tourism may bring about dev
Page 57 and 58: tourism, the type of skills that ar
Page 59 and 60:
Despite the various economic benefi
Page 61 and 62:
Some cultural modifications due to
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2.8.5 Environmental Benefits of Tou
Page 65 and 66:
However, as Gunn (1994) points out,
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or displacing another group of user
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protection of the environment was t
Page 71 and 72:
These range from the numerous impac
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difficult to foresee and which refl
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carried unintentionally on the shoe
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Pyrenees (Smith and Jenner, 1989).
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waste is being developed or upgrade
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water, however, inhibits the natura
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arrivals and Riccione hoteliers alo
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1981). Butler (1991) recognises tha
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economic growth in developed countr
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infinite or infinitely renewable 'f
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also be described as a 'deep ecolog
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Having highlighted the general conc
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• • • • • • Follow ethi
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The English Tourist Board (1991, ci
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as ideas and technologies on the pa
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eap net benefits, tourism can be cl
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2.14 Summary and Conclusion This ch
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conceptualised as a global process
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alienated from the means of product
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extent that the quality of life wit
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The successful creation or inventio
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modern production, it has moved awa
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As previously discussed, the proces
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The origination of world-standardis
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attraction to less developed econom
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Hence, the government must take act
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develop with other sectors of the e
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Methodology 4.1 Introduction CHAPTE
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hypothesised, further, that tourism
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Qualitative research within the fie
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4.7 Sample In order to test the hyp
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4.8.2 Structured Questionnaire Meth
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4.9 Methods of Data Collation, Synt
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development and changes in traditio
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Review of selected international an
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diminishing returns of extractive i
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Figure 5.1: Map of Botswana Source:
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ate and economic progress seldom pa
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percent growth targeted in Vision 2
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informal sector work, especially in
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Table 5.1: Land UselTenure in Botsw
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Table 5.2: Land UselTenure Change i
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5.2.7 Pressure on the Land In most
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international controversy over its
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hectare minimum necessary for house
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the backbone of the rural economy.
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Botswana affords many possibilities
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Panhandle, the Okavango River then
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to the south, east and west (Ross,
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Fish populations in the entire Okav
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themselves in the main stream of th
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Presently in the Ngamiland district
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vendor, retailing, the production o
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third furrow planting and mechanica
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farmer who supplies crops to the vi
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I Unlike consumptive resource utili
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southern edge of the Delta, the Bot
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Bugakwe and Xanekwe people traditio
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The leader in each San band or grou
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Descendants of San groups that live
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5.4.1.6 Batawana and Natural Resour
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payment of tribute as a way of ensu
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more rifles, European-made clothing
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wildlife products. Fish, reptiles,
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However, Rey was anxious to establi
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Figure 5.8: Structure of Natural Re
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other hand, veterinary officers wer
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• • • • As with other natur
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• Problems with solid waste dispo
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natural resources and to increase t
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ineffective in ensuring that all to
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development which emphasise the par
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The National Conservation Strategy
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The growth of tourism in the Okavan
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fifteen year period. The community-
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• The 5-year review policy left m
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government also provides 85 percent
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Prefodiafoka fence constructed in 1
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for several consecutive years, the
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and water, but fortunately the Bots
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It is in the context of the above t
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income, and presumably high spendin
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Although several researchers noted
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In order for local Botswana citizen
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Figure 6.1: Percentage of Total Arr
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Table 6.2: Total Arrivals in Botswa
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earth's wilderness areas shrink rap
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eference to the Okavango Delta regi
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With regards to tourist/visitor num
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European and North American origin,
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most direct economic impacts of tou
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Table 6.9: Number of Accommodation
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tend to vary in terms of standards
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Safari hunters or spot (commercial)
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validated by the Tawana Land Board
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companies, 6 (40 percent) to jointl
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Lastly, wildlife tends to congregat
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Table 6.17: Major Safari Companies/
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indicates that Botswana has more ar
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6.4 The Economic Impact of Tourism
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weakest with agriculture, construct
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As noted earlier, the greater major
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Table 6.25: Estimated Tourism-Relat
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evenue collection from the various
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Despite these conflicting employmen
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According to the study carried out
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management positions in the tourism
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Seventy four percent of the 50 loca
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Table 6.33: List of Private Air Cha
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CHAPTER SEVEN Natural Resource Util
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natural resources of water and pris
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According to personal interviews co
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• • • • • • • • Dea
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Experience shows that some animals,
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inhabitants of the Okavango Delta r
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control is vested with central gove
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conservation area. This led to conf
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Table 7.4: Main Stakeholders, Land
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7.2.3.1 Arable Farming and Wildlife
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Table 7.6: Livestock Ownership in K
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Furthermore, the NCS has failed to
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Botswana because populations of bot
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Delta, while previously inhabitants
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facilities that do not have boats,
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• • • • • 7.2.6 Since the
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different products, wood is perhaps
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Today, Hyphaene petersiana palms as
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populations in the rivers have drop
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The importance of people remaining
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CBNRM aims at alleviating poverty a
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the wildlife populations and their
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no longer an important livelihood s
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• • • • • • 7.3.4 Clari
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Leases are given for 15 year period
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Table 7.10: Community-Based Organis
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7.3.6.3 The Okavango Paler's Trust
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at the same time allowing them to d
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eports on financial management and
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Table 7.11: Brief Review on Progres
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their land, etc., such as cash, mea
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7.4 Summary and Conclusion While th
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8.2 Impacts of Tourism on Local Cul
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tourists in an area provide a sourc
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are left to perform all the traditi
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8.3.1 Positive Environmental Impact
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the country. As a result, it is ass
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most of these impacts remain unchec
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According to Lovemore Sola of Conse
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8.3.2.2 Creation of Illegal Roads i
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permeability. Pollutants can theref
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iverine systems. According to Tache
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implement laws and regulations cont
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and resulted in the publication of
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lowest, and substantial proportions
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Angola considered the construction
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ministries most closely involved in
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most to lose if the Okavango in its
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• Development of monitoring syste
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Suggested Solutions • Sustainable
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CHAPTER NINE Evaluation, Recommenda
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circumstances, the impacts of touri
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For example, the government has gon
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As such, it is only recently that t
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According to Torres (1996), a wide
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of 1986 and the Tourism Policy of 1
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Even though Botswana has developed
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iodiversity conservation and rural
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overriding challenge facing authori
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As such, this study has revealed th
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The development of tourism in the O
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9.10.1 Prospects for Integrated Res
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the Botswana government committed i
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Thirdly, almost the only interest e
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The following recommendations are p
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Activities common at this time incl
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knowledge to bring about sustainabl
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the entire Okavango River Basin, by
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9.14 Summary and Conclusion This st
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Department of Tourism (DOT). 2000.
Page 444 and 445:
Okavango People's Wildlife Trust (O
Page 446 and 447:
Van Buren, L. 2002. Regional Survey
Page 448 and 449:
Briassoulis, H. 1991. Tourism and t
Page 450 and 451:
Hermans, Q. 1990. Opportunities and
Page 452 and 453:
Mbaiwa, J. E. 1999. Prospects for S
Page 454 and 455:
Rothert, S. 2000. The Water Page: D
Page 456 and 457:
Tsiang, T. 1990. An Overview of Tou
Page 458 and 459:
Cohen, E. 1978. Impact of Tourism o
Page 460 and 461:
Kocasoy, G. 1989. The relationship
Page 462 and 463:
Smith, C. and Jenner, P. 1989. Tour
Page 464 and 465:
Niles, E. 1991. Sustainable tourism
Page 466 and 467:
Bennet, J. A. 1995. Managing Touris
Page 468 and 469:
Cooper, C. 1997. Parameters and Ind
Page 470 and 471:
Filion, F., Foley, J. and Jacquemot
Page 472 and 473:
Harrison, D. 1994. Tourism, Capital
Page 474 and 475:
Leontidou, L. 1990. The Mediterrane
Page 476 and 477:
Morris, A. 1998. Geography and Deve
Page 478 and 479:
Rojek, C. and Urry, J. 1997. Tourin
Page 481 and 482:
Western, D. 1993. Foreword: definin
Page 483 and 484:
APPENDIX ONE TOURISM, NATURAL RESOU
Page 485 and 486:
Prospects for Mbaiwa, J. 1999 Resou
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State Interests and Swatuk, L. A. 2
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10. Is the condition of the environ
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APPENDIX THREE LIST OF HOTELS, LODG
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10. Does this hotel/lodge/safari ca
Page 495:
16. Do you think that the developme
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