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test site “alpha ventus”. Except for a FINO1 campaign, all lidar measurements from ground and from nacelle were carried out in Bremerhaven. The M5000 is a 5 MW wind turbine designed for offshore purposes. With a hub height of 102 m and a rotor diameter of 116 m the M5000 is currently one of the largest wind turbines. The cut-in wind speed is 4 m s −1 , the rated wind speed is 12 m s −1 and the cut-out wind speed 25 m s −1 . The M5000 is a pitch-controlled, variable speed wind turbine with a permanent magnet generator. Figure 108: Onshore test site with AREVA M5000 and SWE met mast (102 m) (left) Installation of the lidar system on the nacelle of the turbine (approx. 105 m AGL) (right). 8.7.2 Onshore test site Risø Campus - DTU Wind Energy, Denmark The measurement campaigns at this test site mainly focus on fundamental investigations concerning the minimum number of trajectory points for equivalent wind speed, turbulence measurements, horizontal/ vertical wind shear and mean wind speed accuracy compared to a cup and sonic anemometer on a met mast. The test site of DTU Wind Energy is located close to the research center on the Risø Campus (Denmark). The SWE-Lidar system was first installed on ground, tilted up with 25 ◦ and pointed towards the met mast. In a second campaign, the Lidar system was installed on a platform of a Nordtank wind turbine in about 38m height. From this platform, the Lidar system shot almost horizontally to a met mast where the laser pointed to three sonic anemometers at different heights. 8.7.3 Onshore test site National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) - NREL, USA The measurement campaigns at this test site mainly focus on the first test and validation of Lidar assisted control worldwide (see next chapter). The SWE scanner was installed on the nacelle of the two-bladed Controls Advanced Research Turbine (CART-2). 164 DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN)
Figure 109: Test site at DTU Wind Energy, Risø campus, with SWE scanner installed on the Nordtank turbine (left). Tilted SWE lidar system pointing to a met mast (right). Figure 110: SWE scanner mounted on the CART-2 machine for Lidar Assisted control purposes. 8.7.4 Offshore test site “alpha ventus” The offshore test site “alpha ventus” is located 45 km north of the island of Borkum next to the research platform FINO 1. It comprises twelve offshore wind turbines with a total capacity of 60 MW. Six AREVA Wind M5000 turbines were installed in summer 2009, six REpower 5M turbines followed in 2010. The German Federal Environment Ministry supports alpha ventus with a major research funding. The RAVE initiative is accompanying the construction and operation of the test site to attain a broad basis of experience and expertise for future offshore wind parks. Several research projects are currently carried out. Within the RAVE- DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN) 165
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Remote Sensing for Wind Energy DTU
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Author: Alfredo Peña, Charlotte B.
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4 Introduction to continuous-wave D
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8 Nacelle-based lidar systems 157 8
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12 Complex terrain and lidars 231 1
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1 Remote sensing of wind Torben Mik
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Figure 2: Calibration, laboratory w
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Figure 3: Example of scatter plots
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1.2.3 Summary of sodars Most of tod
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1.3.3 Wind lidars Measuring wind wi
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Figure 6: CW wind lidars (ZephIRs)
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Further developments Furthermore, n
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2 The atmospheric boundary layer S
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Figure 9: Large spatial scale varia
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Du3 Dt Du1 Dt Du2 Dt The three mome
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Figure 13: Consensus relations betw
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ψ z L ∼ − 5 L . For unstable c
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Figure 15: Behavior of the turbulen
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Figure 17: Newly developed models t
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The value of q0 at the surface is d
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the spray is the source of icing on
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u∗2 u∗1 u1(h) = u∗1 k ln h
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Figure 26:Land-seabreeze system,whe
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Figure28:Three dimensionalpicture o
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sufficient information. Finally, we
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Mann, J. (1998) Wind field simulati
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(2010) and comparison under differe
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To get the velocity field from the
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τ(k) [Arbitrary units] 10 3 10 2 1
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(Koopmans, 1974; Bendat and Piersol
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anemometer was installed at each en
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and fSw(f) u 2 ∗ = 1.05n 1+5.3n 5
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and n = 0.468. This spectrum implie
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to be calculated. We do that on a m
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Notation A Charnock constant neutra
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Maxey M. R. (1982) Distortion of tu
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4.2 Basic principles of lidar opera
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4.2.5 Wind profiling in conical sca
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4.3.1 Behaviour of scattering parti
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the beam radius at the output lens.
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from which the value of VLOS is der
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the atmosphere. The SNR 4 for a win
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individual line-of-sight wind speed
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A general approach to mitigating th
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from ±VH sinδ (if the tilt is tow
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as a down draught (of the same abso
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Table 7: Combined results from 28 Z
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in Eastern Jutland between January
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Figure 56: Normalized power curves
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the concept. Developments include i
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References x horizontal position in
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Wagner R., Mikkelsen T., and Courtn
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5.2 End-to-end description of pulse
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Scanner Coherent lidar measure the
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Figure 62: Radial wind velocity ret
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transform in order to use data obta
Page 113 and 114: This wavelength is also the most fa
Page 115 and 116: Eq.(132)isadaptedforcollimatedsyste
Page 117 and 118: 5.3.6 Existing systems and actual p
Page 119 and 120: (Gottshall et al., 2010; Albers et
Page 121 and 122: References Albers A., Janssen A. W.
Page 123 and 124: derived from fluctuations of the wi
Page 125 and 126: Acoustic received echo (ARE) method
Page 127 and 128: Figure 71: Sample time-height cross
Page 129 and 130: A gradient minimum is characterized
Page 131 and 132: Figure73:Bragg-relatedacoustic(belo
Page 133 and 134: stability (inversion strength) can
Page 135 and 136: Figure 76: Combined soundingwith a
Page 137 and 138: Figure 79: Favorite regions (shaded
Page 139 and 140: Direct detection of MLH from acoust
Page 141 and 142: Engelbart D.A.M.and Bange J. (2002)
Page 143 and 144: 7 What can remote sensing contribut
Page 145 and 146: uyms 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 120 140 16
Page 147 and 148: Bottom of rotor Φ rotation r w u
Page 149 and 150: Height Height Hub 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0
Page 151 and 152: PP rated PP rated 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
Page 153 and 154: KEprofileKEhub 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
Page 155 and 156: PP rated WS Lidarms 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 157 and 158: 8 Nacelle-based lidar systems Andre
Page 159 and 160: • Flexibletrajectories.Dependingo
Page 161 and 162: Figure 104: Sketch of simultaneous
Page 163: The normal wind direction vector nw
Page 167 and 168: Figure 112: Power curve met mast an
Page 169 and 170: Notation C number of sent photons C
Page 171 and 172: 9 Lidars and wind turbine control -
Page 173 and 174: for three unknowns, it is impossibl
Page 175 and 176: model of the blade pitch actuator,
Page 177 and 178: |GRL| [-] 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 10 k [r
Page 179 and 180: PSD(Ωg) [(rpm) 2 /Hz] PSD(Ωg) [
Page 181 and 182: 0.04 0.03 ˆk [ rad m ] 0.02 0.63 0
Page 183 and 184: [%] 10 0 −10 −20 −30 MyT Moop
Page 185 and 186: PSD(θ1) [rad 2 /Hz] PSD(Moop1) [Nm
Page 187 and 188: Pel/Pel,max [-] 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.
Page 189 and 190: fL weighting function GRL transfer
Page 191 and 192: E. Hau, Windkraftanlagen, 4th ed. S
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Page 195 and 196: vertical (m) 150 100 50 R d 0
Page 197 and 198: With feedback only, on the other ha
Page 199 and 200: Figure 136: Estimated preview requi
Page 201 and 202: Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 203 and 204: Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 205 and 206: Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 207 and 208: Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 209 and 210: Magnitude Squared 10 8 10 7 10 6 10
Page 211 and 212: Figure 148: During simulation, FAST
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Magnitude (abs) blade pitch gen spe
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• Measurement coherence, which ca
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Jonkman, B. (2009) TurbSim user’s
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11 Lidars and wind profiles Alfredo
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z [m] 160 100 80 60 40 20 10 15 20
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z [−] zo 1 κ ln 40 38 36 34 32 3
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z [m] z [m] 1000 900 800 700 600 50
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the growth of the length scale, agr
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12 Complex terrain and lidars Ferha
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Figure 158: The ZephIR models which
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Uconst wΑx l h Φ h.tanΦ Figure 1
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Figure 162: Lavrio: The scatter plo
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Figure 163: Panahaiko: The scatter
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References Albers A. and Janssen A.
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Wexler (1968), where the limitation
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13.2.1 Systematic turbulence errors
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where x is the center of the scanni
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The theoretical systematic errors a
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Height (m) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
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Height (m) Height (m) 160 140 120 1
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RMSPE (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 vu
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involves interaction of all compone
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Lindelöw P. (2007) Fibre Based Coh
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plications, including meteorologica
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Figure 173: Rayleigh-Jeans’ appro
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Figure 176: Brightness temperature
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with rain are shown in Fig. 179. A
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This method gives a good accuracy (
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Figure 183: A recent maintenance in
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Figure 185: Temperature profiles in
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References s point in space Sν(s)
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Also the Doppler Centroid anomaly c
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Christiansen et al., 2006). The res
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educe speckle noise, a random noise
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Figure 188: Envisat ASAR wind field
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Figure 190: Envisat ASAR wind field
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Satellites in sun-synchronous polar
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500 overlapping scenes for wind res
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(with the fewest samples). The unce
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Badger M., Hasager C. B., Thompson
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Ren Y. Z., Lehner S., Brusch S., Li
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tracking, climate studies, air-sea
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The modified logarithmic wind profi
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sea ice mask was applied and σ0 me
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QuikSCAT 25 20 15 10 5 Horns Rev Fi
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Figure 203:Example of an ASCAT coas
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References Bourassa M.A., Legler D.
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DTU Wind Energy Technical Universit
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