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References Andersen, O.J. and J. LÃ¸vseth (2010) Stability modifications of the FrÃ¸ya wind spectrum. Journ. Wind Engeneering Industrial Aerodynamics, 236-242 Bodyko, M.I. (1974) Climate and Life. International Geophysical Series, Vol. 18, Academic Press, New York 18:508 Bredmose, H., S.E.Larsen, D. Matha, A. Rettenmeier, E. Marino, L. Saettran (2012) D2.04: Collation of offshore Wind Wave Dynamics. MARINET Report, EU-FP7 Grant no. 262552, 50p Brutsaert, W.H. (1982) Exchange processes at the earth atmosphere interface Engineering Meteorology, Ed. E. Platte, Elsevier, 319-369 Charnock H. (1955) Wind stress over a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 81:639–640 Design Standards, (2007-2011) IEC 61400-3: Wind turbines- Part 3: Design of offshore wind turbines, 2009 DNV-OJ-J101. OFF SHORE STANDARD: Design of offshore wind turbine structures. DNV, 2007. ABS(American Bureau of Shipping), Offshore Wind Turbine Installation, American Bureau of Shipping, 2010 ABS(American Bureau of Shipping), Design Standards for offshore wind farms, American Bureau of Shipping, 2011 IEC 61400-1, Design requirements, 2008. IEC 61400-1, Design requirements-amendment1, 2010 Garreaud, R. D. and R. Munoz, 2005. The low level jet off the subtropicalwest coast of South America, Structure and Variability. Monthly Weather Review 133:2246-2261 Gryning, S.E. and E. Batchvarova, (1990) Analytical model for the growth of the coastal internal boundary layer during onshore flow. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 116:187-203 Gryning S.-E., Batchvarova E., Brümmer B., Jørgensen H., and Larsen S. (2007) On the extension of the wind profile over homogeneous terrain beyond the surface layer. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 124:251–268 Hahmann, A. N., J. Lange, A. Peña and C. Hasager The NORSEWInD numerical wind atlas for the South Baltic DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0011(EN) Hasager, C.B.; Nielsen, N.,W.; Jensen, N.O.; Bøgh, E.; Christensen, J.H.; Dellwik, E.; Søgaard, G.. (2003) Effective roughness calculated from satellite-derived land cover maps and hedge-information used in a weather forecasting model Boundary-Layer Meteorology 109:227-254 Hunt, J.C.R. and J.E.Simpson, (1982) Atmospheric Boundary Layers over Non-Homogeneous terrain Engineering meteorology (E.: E. Plate) Elsevier, Amsterdam 269-318 H˚akanson, L. (1991) The Baltic Sea Environment Session 1: Physical Oceanography of the Baltics. The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, Swedem, 35 p Højstrup, J., (1982) Velocity spectra in the unstable planetary boundary layer J. Atmos. Sci. 39:2239-2248 Jackson, P.S. and J.R.C. Hunt, (1975) Turbulent wind flow over a low hill J. Roy. Met. Soc. 101:929–955 Jones, I S F, Y Volkov, Y Toba, S Larsen, N Huang, M Donelan (2001) Overview. Chapter 1 Wind stress over the ocean ( Ed. I.S.F.Jones and Y.Toba). Cambridge University Press, 1 - 31. Johnson, H K, H.J Vested, H. Hersbach, J HÃ¸jstrup and S E Larsen (1999) The coupling between wind and waves in the WAM model Journ. Atmos. Ocean. Tech 16(11):1780 - 1790 Kaimal, J.C., J.C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and O.R. Cote, (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 563–589 Karagali, I,, A. Peña, M. Badger and C.B. Hasager (2012) Wind characteristics of the North Sea and the Baltic Seas from QuickScatt satellite Wind Energy Lange, B., S.E.Larsen, J. Højstrup and R. Barthelmie, (2004) The influence of thermal effects on the wind speed profile of the coastal marine boundary layer Boundary-Lay. Meteorol. 112:587-617 Larsen, S.E. and Jensen, N.O. (1983) Summary and Interpretation of Some Danish Climate Statistics Risø- R-399, 76 pp Larsen, S.E.,N.E.Tarp-Johansen, S.Frandsen andE.R.Jørgensen (1990) Södra Midsjöbanken Environmental Data-Initial analysis Risø-I-2505. FP6 Integrated project DOWNVInd Lettau H. H. (1962) Theoretical wind spirals in the boundary layer of a barotropic atmosphere. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 35:195–212 Makin, V. K. (2005) A note on the drag of the sea surface at hurricane winds Boundary Layer Meteorology 115:169-175 50 DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN)
Mann, J. (1998) Wind field simulation Prob. Engng. Mech 14(4):269-282 Melas, D., (1998) The depth of the stably stratified internal boundary layer over the sea Geophysical Research Letters 25(13):2261-2264 Mortensen, N. G. and E.L. Petersen (1997) Influence of topographical input data on the accuracy of wind flow modeling in complex terrain European Wind Energy Conference, Dublin, Ireland Olesen, H.R., S.E. Larsen, and J. Højstrup, (1984) Modelling velocity spectra in the lower part of the planetary boundary layer Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 29:285–312 Peña A., Gryning S.-E., and Hasager C. B. (2008) Measurements and modelling of the wind speed profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 129:479–495 Peña A. and Gryning S.-E. (2008) Charnock’s roughness length model and non-dimensional wind profiles over the sea. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 128:191–203 Peña A., Mikkelsen T., Gryning S.-E., Hasager C. B., Hahmann A. N., Badger M., Karagali I., and Courtney M. (2012) Offshore vertical wind shear. Final report on NORSEWInD’s work task 3.1 DTU Wind Energy- E-Report-005(EN), DTU Wind Energy, Risø¸ Campus, Roskilde Smedman, A-S., H. Bergström and B. Grisogono, (1997) Evolution of stable internal boundary layers over a cold sea Journ. Geophys. Research 102:1091-1099 Stull R. B. (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 666 pp Tennekes, H. and J.L. Lumley (1972) A first course in turbulence MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 300p. Troen, I. and E.L. Petersen (1989) European Wind Atlas Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Wang, H., R. Barthelmie, S.G. pryor, and H-G. Kim (2012) A new Turbulence model for offshore wind standards Subm. Geophysical Researh Zilitinkevich, S.S. (1972) On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 3:141–145 Zilitinkevich, S.S. (1975) Resistance laws and prediction equations for the depth of the planetary boundary layer J. Atmos. Sci. 32:741–752 Zilitinkevich, S. , I. Mamarella, A. Baklanov and S. Joffre (2009) The effect of Stratefication on the aerodynamic roughness length Meteorological and Air quality models for urban areas. Springer Berlin DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN) 51
Page 1 and 2: Remote Sensing for Wind Energy DTU
Page 3 and 4: Author: Alfredo Peña, Charlotte B.
Page 5 and 6: 4 Introduction to continuous-wave D
Page 7 and 8: 8 Nacelle-based lidar systems 157 8
Page 9 and 10: 12 Complex terrain and lidars 231 1
Page 11 and 12: 1 Remote sensing of wind Torben Mik
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2: Calibration, laboratory w
Page 15 and 16: Figure 3: Example of scatter plots
Page 17 and 18: 1.2.3 Summary of sodars Most of tod
Page 19 and 20: 1.3.3 Wind lidars Measuring wind wi
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6: CW wind lidars (ZephIRs)
Page 23 and 24: Further developments Furthermore, n
Page 25 and 26: 2 The atmospheric boundary layer S
Page 27 and 28: Figure 9: Large spatial scale varia
Page 29 and 30: Du3 Dt Du1 Dt Du2 Dt The three mome
Page 31 and 32: Figure 13: Consensus relations betw
Page 33 and 34: ψ z L ∼ − 5 L . For unstable c
Page 35 and 36: Figure 15: Behavior of the turbulen
Page 37 and 38: Figure 17: Newly developed models t
Page 39 and 40: The value of q0 at the surface is d
Page 41 and 42: the spray is the source of icing on
Page 43 and 44: u∗2 u∗1 u1(h) = u∗1 k ln h
Page 45 and 46: Figure 26:Land-seabreeze system,whe
Page 47 and 48: Figure28:Three dimensionalpicture o
Page 49: sufficient information. Finally, we
Page 53 and 54: (2010) and comparison under differe
Page 55 and 56: To get the velocity field from the
Page 57 and 58: τ(k) [Arbitrary units] 10 3 10 2 1
Page 59 and 60: (Koopmans, 1974; Bendat and Piersol
Page 61 and 62: anemometer was installed at each en
Page 63 and 64: and fSw(f) u 2 ∗ = 1.05n 1+5.3n 5
Page 65 and 66: and n = 0.468. This spectrum implie
Page 67 and 68: to be calculated. We do that on a m
Page 69 and 70: Notation A Charnock constant neutra
Page 71 and 72: Maxey M. R. (1982) Distortion of tu
Page 73 and 74: 4.2 Basic principles of lidar opera
Page 75 and 76: 4.2.5 Wind profiling in conical sca
Page 77 and 78: 4.3.1 Behaviour of scattering parti
Page 79 and 80: the beam radius at the output lens.
Page 81 and 82: from which the value of VLOS is der
Page 83 and 84: the atmosphere. The SNR 4 for a win
Page 85 and 86: individual line-of-sight wind speed
Page 87 and 88: A general approach to mitigating th
Page 89 and 90: from ±VH sinδ (if the tilt is tow
Page 91 and 92: as a down draught (of the same abso
Page 93 and 94: Table 7: Combined results from 28 Z
Page 95 and 96: in Eastern Jutland between January
Page 97 and 98: Figure 56: Normalized power curves
Page 99 and 100: the concept. Developments include i
Page 101 and 102:
References x horizontal position in
Page 103 and 104:
Wagner R., Mikkelsen T., and Courtn
Page 105 and 106:
5.2 End-to-end description of pulse
Page 107 and 108:
Scanner Coherent lidar measure the
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 62: Radial wind velocity ret
Page 111 and 112:
transform in order to use data obta
Page 113 and 114:
This wavelength is also the most fa
Page 115 and 116:
Eq.(132)isadaptedforcollimatedsyste
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5.3.6 Existing systems and actual p
Page 119 and 120:
(Gottshall et al., 2010; Albers et
Page 121 and 122:
References Albers A., Janssen A. W.
Page 123 and 124:
derived from fluctuations of the wi
Page 125 and 126:
Acoustic received echo (ARE) method
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 71: Sample time-height cross
Page 129 and 130:
A gradient minimum is characterized
Page 131 and 132:
Figure73:Bragg-relatedacoustic(belo
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stability (inversion strength) can
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Figure 76: Combined soundingwith a
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 79: Favorite regions (shaded
Page 139 and 140:
Direct detection of MLH from acoust
Page 141 and 142:
Engelbart D.A.M.and Bange J. (2002)
Page 143 and 144:
7 What can remote sensing contribut
Page 145 and 146:
uyms 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 120 140 16
Page 147 and 148:
Bottom of rotor Φ rotation r w u
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Height Height Hub 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0
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PP rated PP rated 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
Page 153 and 154:
KEprofileKEhub 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
Page 155 and 156:
PP rated WS Lidarms 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 157 and 158:
8 Nacelle-based lidar systems Andre
Page 159 and 160:
• Flexibletrajectories.Dependingo
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 104: Sketch of simultaneous
Page 163 and 164:
The normal wind direction vector nw
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 109: Test site at DTU Wind E
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 112: Power curve met mast an
Page 169 and 170:
Notation C number of sent photons C
Page 171 and 172:
9 Lidars and wind turbine control -
Page 173 and 174:
for three unknowns, it is impossibl
Page 175 and 176:
model of the blade pitch actuator,
Page 177 and 178:
|GRL| [-] 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 10 k [r
Page 179 and 180:
PSD(Ωg) [(rpm) 2 /Hz] PSD(Ωg) [
Page 181 and 182:
0.04 0.03 ˆk [ rad m ] 0.02 0.63 0
Page 183 and 184:
[%] 10 0 −10 −20 −30 MyT Moop
Page 185 and 186:
PSD(θ1) [rad 2 /Hz] PSD(Moop1) [Nm
Page 187 and 188:
Pel/Pel,max [-] 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.
Page 189 and 190:
fL weighting function GRL transfer
Page 191 and 192:
E. Hau, Windkraftanlagen, 4th ed. S
Page 193 and 194:
¨¦¦§©¡§ ¥§¨¦¦§£ ¡¥
Page 195 and 196:
vertical (m) 150 100 50 R d 0
Page 197 and 198:
With feedback only, on the other ha
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 136: Estimated preview requi
Page 201 and 202:
Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 203 and 204:
Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 205 and 206:
Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 207 and 208:
Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 209 and 210:
Magnitude Squared 10 8 10 7 10 6 10
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 148: During simulation, FAST
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 149: Collective flap respons
Page 215 and 216:
Magnitude (abs) blade pitch gen spe
Page 217 and 218:
• Measurement coherence, which ca
Page 219 and 220:
Jonkman, B. (2009) TurbSim user’s
Page 221 and 222:
11 Lidars and wind profiles Alfredo
Page 223 and 224:
z [m] 160 100 80 60 40 20 10 15 20
Page 225 and 226:
z [−] zo 1 κ ln 40 38 36 34 32 3
Page 227 and 228:
z [m] z [m] 1000 900 800 700 600 50
Page 229 and 230:
the growth of the length scale, agr
Page 231 and 232:
12 Complex terrain and lidars Ferha
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 158: The ZephIR models which
Page 235 and 236:
Uconst wΑx l h Φ h.tanΦ Figure 1
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 162: Lavrio: The scatter plo
Page 239 and 240:
Figure 163: Panahaiko: The scatter
Page 241 and 242:
References Albers A. and Janssen A.
Page 243 and 244:
Wexler (1968), where the limitation
Page 245 and 246:
13.2.1 Systematic turbulence errors
Page 247 and 248:
where x is the center of the scanni
Page 249 and 250:
The theoretical systematic errors a
Page 251 and 252:
Height (m) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
Page 253 and 254:
Height (m) Height (m) 160 140 120 1
Page 255 and 256:
RMSPE (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 vu
Page 257 and 258:
involves interaction of all compone
Page 259 and 260:
Lindelöw P. (2007) Fibre Based Coh
Page 261 and 262:
plications, including meteorologica
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 173: Rayleigh-Jeans’ appro
Page 265 and 266:
Figure 176: Brightness temperature
Page 267 and 268:
with rain are shown in Fig. 179. A
Page 269 and 270:
This method gives a good accuracy (
Page 271 and 272:
Figure 183: A recent maintenance in
Page 273 and 274:
Figure 185: Temperature profiles in
Page 275 and 276:
References s point in space Sν(s)
Page 277 and 278:
Also the Doppler Centroid anomaly c
Page 279 and 280:
Christiansen et al., 2006). The res
Page 281 and 282:
educe speckle noise, a random noise
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 188: Envisat ASAR wind field
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 190: Envisat ASAR wind field
Page 287 and 288:
Satellites in sun-synchronous polar
Page 289 and 290:
500 overlapping scenes for wind res
Page 291 and 292:
(with the fewest samples). The unce
Page 293 and 294:
Badger M., Hasager C. B., Thompson
Page 295 and 296:
Ren Y. Z., Lehner S., Brusch S., Li
Page 297 and 298:
tracking, climate studies, air-sea
Page 299 and 300:
The modified logarithmic wind profi
Page 301 and 302:
sea ice mask was applied and σ0 me
Page 303 and 304:
QuikSCAT 25 20 15 10 5 Horns Rev Fi
Page 305 and 306:
Figure 203:Example of an ASCAT coas
Page 307 and 308:
References Bourassa M.A., Legler D.
Page 309:
DTU Wind Energy Technical Universit
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