Publishers version - DTU Orbit

More documents

Recommendations

Info

academics. The measurements agreed with the described hypothesis and it can be concluded that smaller half opening angles can only be helpful in sites with the presence of dense canopy or obstacles, in order to measure the desired height easily. As a general conclusion of this study, lidars can be used in complex terrain with support of flow models which should include well defined flow separation predictions. It is important to notethatmodellingmustbe accompaniedbyflowanalysisbeforeandafterthe measurements. Prior to the measurements, models should be used to detect possible suitable locations for lidar placement. This can be done with linearised or advanced CFD models because any of these can perform a simple assessment based on rough calculations of error values. Thus, the majority of sub-optimal locations can be eliminated. Subsequently, any attempt to correct the lidar data must be performed with an advanced flow model, preferably a CFD model that has already been tested in complex terrain with measurements. It is advised that the described modelling steps for lidar data correction should be included in wind turbine and site assessment and implemented in well established international standards (e.g. IEC 61400 series) after further studies. The author also would like to bring to attention certain shortcomings of the current commercial versions of the lidar instruments. Some of the experiments, which are conducted in this study or cited in the manuscript, would not have been possible without full software and hardware access to the instruments. The re-formulation of signal processing methods and the physical manipulation of instrument parts were essential to achieve the necessary scanning speed and to create custom scan regimes. This underlines the importance of instrument flexibility for a wide range of uses (e.g. in complex terrain). Unfortunately, most of the producers of currently available commercial models are gradually stepping back from such an approach in an effort to create stable,robust instruments. In ordertoachieve faster developmentin lidar technology in complex terrain, the author believes that these instruments must be accessible in a software as well as a hardware level, and suggests a more detailed documented developer interface mode. Concluding, current standards of the instruments are adequate to perform wind measurements over most of the terrain types and it is believed that it is possible for lidars to replace conventional meteorological mast in the future if the data interpretation is improved, particularly. Notation a.g.l. above ground level h focusing height l focus distance n unit vector in the direction of the laser beam u longitudinal wind speed component ui wind speed component in the i direction U horizontal wind speed U mean wind field v transversal wind speed component vdown projected wind speed in the downstream beam vup projected wind speed in the upstream beam vr radial wind speed w vertical wind speed X ′ fluctuation part of a variable X from the mean z ′ absolute position of the instrument a.g.l α linear factor for parametrization of the vertical wind speed θ scan azimuth lidar angle Θ wind direction σ2 X variance of a variable X φ deflection lidar angle from the vertical or wedge angle 〈X〉 time average of a variable X 240 DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN)
References Albers A. and Janssen A. (2008) Windcube evaluation report. Technical report, Deutsche WindGuard Consulting GmbH Antoniou I., Jørgensen H. E., Mikkelsen T., Petersen T. F., Warmbier G, and Smith D. (2004) Comparison of wind speed and power curve measurements using a cup anemometer, a lidar and a sodar. Proc. of the European Wind Energy Conf., London Bingöl F. (2005) Adapting Laser Doppler Anemometer into Wind Energy. Master’s thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby Bingöl F. (2009) Complex Terrain and Wind Lidars. PhD thesis, Risø DTU, Roskilde Bingöl F. and Mann J. (2009) Lidar performance estimation script for WAsP Engineering. Technical report, Risø DTU, Roskilde Bingöl F., Mann J., and Foussekis D. (2008) Lidar error estimation with wasp engineering. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci., 012058 (9pp) Bingöl F., Mann J., and Foussekis D. (2008) Modeling conically scanning lidar error in complex terrain with WAsP Engineering. Risø–R–1664(EN), Risø DTU, Roskilde Bingöl F., Mann J., Dellwik E., Sogachev A., and Rathmann O. (2009) Flow over limited size forest; measurements and modelling. Wind Energy, under review. Bingöl F., Mann J., and Foussekis D. (2009) Conically scanning lidar error in complex terrain. Meteorologische Z., 18:189–195 Bingöl F., Mann J., and Larsen G.-C. (2010) Lidar measurements of wake dynamics Part I: One Dimensional Scanning. Wind Energy 13:51–61 Bradley S. (2008) Wind speed errors for lidars and sodars in complex terrain. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 012061 (7pp) Castro F., Palma J., and Lopes A. (2003) Simulation of the askervein flow. part 1: Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes equations (k-epsilon turbulence model). Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 107:501–530 Courtney M., Wagner R., and Lindelöw P. (2008) Testing and comparison of lidars for profile and turbulence measurements in wind energy. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 012021 (14pp) Harris M., Hand M., and Wright A. (2006) Lidar for turbine control. Technical Report NREL/TP-500-39154, NREL Harris M., Bryce D. J., Coffey A. S., Smith D. A., Birkemeyer J., and Knopf U. (2007) Advance measurement of gusts by laser anemometry. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 95:1637–1647 IEC (2005) 61400-12-1: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines. Technical report, International Electrotechnical Commission JRC (2006) Global land cover 2000 - Europe. Technical report, European Environmental Agency Jørgensen H., Mikkelsen T., Mann J., Bryce D., Coffey A. S., Harris M., and Smith D. A. (2004) Site wind field determination using a CW Doppler lidar - comparison with cup anemometers at Risø. Proc. EWEA Special Topic Conference: The Science of Making Torque from Wind 261–266. Delft University, Delft Leosphere (2009) Windcube information booklet Lindelöw P. (2007) Uncertainties in wind assessment with lidar. Risø technical report, Risø-I-1234(EN), Risø DTU, Roskilde Mayor S. D., Lenschow D. H., Schwiesow R. L., Mann J., Frush C. L., and Simon M. K. (1997) Validation of NCAR 10.6-µm co2 Doppler lidar radial velocity measurements and comparison with a 915-MHz profiler. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14:1110–1126 Mikkelsen T., Mann J., Courtney M., and Sjöholm M. Windscanner: 3-D wind and turbulence measurements from three steerable doppler lidars (2008) IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci. 012018 (9pp) Pedersen T. F., Gjerding S.,Ingham P., Enevoldsen P.,Hansen J. K., and Jørgensen H. K. (2002) Wind turbine power performance verification in complex terrain and wind farms. Technical report, Risø-R-1330(EN), Risø DTU, Roskilde Smith D. A., Harris M., Coffey A. S., Mikkelsen T., Jørgensen H. E., Mann J., and Danielian R. (2006) Wind lidar evaluation at the Danish wind test site in Høvsøre. Wind Energy 9:87–93 Trujillo J. J., Bingöl F., Larsen G. C., Mann J., and Kühn M. Lidar measurements of wake dynamics, Part II : Two dimensional scanning. Wind Energy 14:61–75 DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN) 241
Page 1 and 2:
Remote Sensing for Wind Energy DTU
Page 3 and 4:
Author: Alfredo Peña, Charlotte B.
Page 5 and 6:
4 Introduction to continuous-wave D
Page 7 and 8:
8 Nacelle-based lidar systems 157 8
Page 9 and 10:
12 Complex terrain and lidars 231 1
Page 11 and 12:
1 Remote sensing of wind Torben Mik
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 2: Calibration, laboratory w
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 3: Example of scatter plots
Page 17 and 18:
1.2.3 Summary of sodars Most of tod
Page 19 and 20:
1.3.3 Wind lidars Measuring wind wi
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 6: CW wind lidars (ZephIRs)
Page 23 and 24:
Further developments Furthermore, n
Page 25 and 26:
2 The atmospheric boundary layer S
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 9: Large spatial scale varia
Page 29 and 30:
Du3 Dt Du1 Dt Du2 Dt The three mome
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 13: Consensus relations betw
Page 33 and 34:
ψ z L ∼ − 5 L . For unstable c
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 15: Behavior of the turbulen
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 17: Newly developed models t
Page 39 and 40:
The value of q0 at the surface is d
Page 41 and 42:
the spray is the source of icing on
Page 43 and 44:
u∗2 u∗1 u1(h) = u∗1 k ln h
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 26:Land-seabreeze system,whe
Page 47 and 48:
Figure28:Three dimensionalpicture o
Page 49 and 50:
sufficient information. Finally, we
Page 51 and 52:
Mann, J. (1998) Wind field simulati
Page 53 and 54:
(2010) and comparison under differe
Page 55 and 56:
To get the velocity field from the
Page 57 and 58:
τ(k) [Arbitrary units] 10 3 10 2 1
Page 59 and 60:
(Koopmans, 1974; Bendat and Piersol
Page 61 and 62:
anemometer was installed at each en
Page 63 and 64:
and fSw(f) u 2 ∗ = 1.05n 1+5.3n 5
Page 65 and 66:
and n = 0.468. This spectrum implie
Page 67 and 68:
to be calculated. We do that on a m
Page 69 and 70:
Notation A Charnock constant neutra
Page 71 and 72:
Maxey M. R. (1982) Distortion of tu
Page 73 and 74:
4.2 Basic principles of lidar opera
Page 75 and 76:
4.2.5 Wind profiling in conical sca
Page 77 and 78:
4.3.1 Behaviour of scattering parti
Page 79 and 80:
the beam radius at the output lens.
Page 81 and 82:
from which the value of VLOS is der
Page 83 and 84:
the atmosphere. The SNR 4 for a win
Page 85 and 86:
individual line-of-sight wind speed
Page 87 and 88:
A general approach to mitigating th
Page 89 and 90:
from ±VH sinδ (if the tilt is tow
Page 91 and 92:
as a down draught (of the same abso
Page 93 and 94:
Table 7: Combined results from 28 Z
Page 95 and 96:
in Eastern Jutland between January
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 56: Normalized power curves
Page 99 and 100:
the concept. Developments include i
Page 101 and 102:
References x horizontal position in
Page 103 and 104:
Wagner R., Mikkelsen T., and Courtn
Page 105 and 106:
5.2 End-to-end description of pulse
Page 107 and 108:
Scanner Coherent lidar measure the
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 62: Radial wind velocity ret
Page 111 and 112:
transform in order to use data obta
Page 113 and 114:
This wavelength is also the most fa
Page 115 and 116:
Eq.(132)isadaptedforcollimatedsyste
Page 117 and 118:
5.3.6 Existing systems and actual p
Page 119 and 120:
(Gottshall et al., 2010; Albers et
Page 121 and 122:
References Albers A., Janssen A. W.
Page 123 and 124:
derived from fluctuations of the wi
Page 125 and 126:
Acoustic received echo (ARE) method
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 71: Sample time-height cross
Page 129 and 130:
A gradient minimum is characterized
Page 131 and 132:
Figure73:Bragg-relatedacoustic(belo
Page 133 and 134:
stability (inversion strength) can
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 76: Combined soundingwith a
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 79: Favorite regions (shaded
Page 139 and 140:
Direct detection of MLH from acoust
Page 141 and 142:
Engelbart D.A.M.and Bange J. (2002)
Page 143 and 144:
7 What can remote sensing contribut
Page 145 and 146:
uyms 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 120 140 16
Page 147 and 148:
Bottom of rotor Φ rotation r w u
Page 149 and 150:
Height Height Hub 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0
Page 151 and 152:
PP rated PP rated 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
Page 153 and 154:
KEprofileKEhub 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
Page 155 and 156:
PP rated WS Lidarms 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4
Page 157 and 158:
8 Nacelle-based lidar systems Andre
Page 159 and 160:
• Flexibletrajectories.Dependingo
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 104: Sketch of simultaneous
Page 163 and 164:
The normal wind direction vector nw
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 109: Test site at DTU Wind E
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 112: Power curve met mast an
Page 169 and 170:
Notation C number of sent photons C
Page 171 and 172:
9 Lidars and wind turbine control -
Page 173 and 174:
for three unknowns, it is impossibl
Page 175 and 176:
model of the blade pitch actuator,
Page 177 and 178:
|GRL| [-] 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 10 k [r
Page 179 and 180:
PSD(Ωg) [(rpm) 2 /Hz] PSD(Ωg) [
Page 181 and 182:
0.04 0.03 ˆk [ rad m ] 0.02 0.63 0
Page 183 and 184:
[%] 10 0 −10 −20 −30 MyT Moop
Page 185 and 186:
PSD(θ1) [rad 2 /Hz] PSD(Moop1) [Nm
Page 187 and 188:
Pel/Pel,max [-] 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.
Page 189 and 190: fL weighting function GRL transfer
Page 191 and 192: E. Hau, Windkraftanlagen, 4th ed. S
Page 193 and 194: ¨¦¦§©¡§ ¥§¨¦¦§£ ¡¥
Page 195 and 196: vertical (m) 150 100 50 R d 0
Page 197 and 198: With feedback only, on the other ha
Page 199 and 200: Figure 136: Estimated preview requi
Page 201 and 202: Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 203 and 204: Normalized C r = C r P Q 2 W (r) b
Page 205 and 206: Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 207 and 208: Coherence 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10
Page 209 and 210: Magnitude Squared 10 8 10 7 10 6 10
Page 211 and 212: Figure 148: During simulation, FAST
Page 213 and 214: Figure 149: Collective flap respons
Page 215 and 216: Magnitude (abs) blade pitch gen spe
Page 217 and 218: • Measurement coherence, which ca
Page 219 and 220: Jonkman, B. (2009) TurbSim user’s
Page 221 and 222: 11 Lidars and wind profiles Alfredo
Page 223 and 224: z [m] 160 100 80 60 40 20 10 15 20
Page 225 and 226: z [−] zo 1 κ ln 40 38 36 34 32 3
Page 227 and 228: z [m] z [m] 1000 900 800 700 600 50
Page 229 and 230: the growth of the length scale, agr
Page 231 and 232: 12 Complex terrain and lidars Ferha
Page 233 and 234: Figure 158: The ZephIR models which
Page 235 and 236: Uconst wΑx l h Φ h.tanΦ Figure 1
Page 237 and 238: Figure 162: Lavrio: The scatter plo
Page 239: Figure 163: Panahaiko: The scatter
Page 243 and 244: Wexler (1968), where the limitation
Page 245 and 246: 13.2.1 Systematic turbulence errors
Page 247 and 248: where x is the center of the scanni
Page 249 and 250: The theoretical systematic errors a
Page 251 and 252: Height (m) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
Page 253 and 254: Height (m) Height (m) 160 140 120 1
Page 255 and 256: RMSPE (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 vu
Page 257 and 258: involves interaction of all compone
Page 259 and 260: Lindelöw P. (2007) Fibre Based Coh
Page 261 and 262: plications, including meteorologica
Page 263 and 264: Figure 173: Rayleigh-Jeans’ appro
Page 265 and 266: Figure 176: Brightness temperature
Page 267 and 268: with rain are shown in Fig. 179. A
Page 269 and 270: This method gives a good accuracy (
Page 271 and 272: Figure 183: A recent maintenance in
Page 273 and 274: Figure 185: Temperature profiles in
Page 275 and 276: References s point in space Sν(s)
Page 277 and 278: Also the Doppler Centroid anomaly c
Page 279 and 280: Christiansen et al., 2006). The res
Page 281 and 282: educe speckle noise, a random noise
Page 283 and 284: Figure 188: Envisat ASAR wind field
Page 285 and 286: Figure 190: Envisat ASAR wind field
Page 287 and 288: Satellites in sun-synchronous polar
Page 289 and 290: 500 overlapping scenes for wind res
Page 291 and 292:
(with the fewest samples). The unce
Page 293 and 294:
Badger M., Hasager C. B., Thompson
Page 295 and 296:
Ren Y. Z., Lehner S., Brusch S., Li
Page 297 and 298:
tracking, climate studies, air-sea
Page 299 and 300:
The modified logarithmic wind profi
Page 301 and 302:
sea ice mask was applied and σ0 me
Page 303 and 304:
QuikSCAT 25 20 15 10 5 Horns Rev Fi
Page 305 and 306:
Figure 203:Example of an ASCAT coas
Page 307 and 308:
References Bourassa M.A., Legler D.
Page 309:
DTU Wind Energy Technical Universit
show all

Publishers version - DTU Orbit

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?