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circle with a mean U = (u,v,w). The radial velocity in the direction of the laser beam, the
radial wind speed vr, calculated at θ azimuth of the prism is the projection of U onto n:
vr(θ) = n(θ)·U(n(θ)l −(0,0,z ′ )), (275)
where z ′ is absolute position of the instrument a.g.l. if it is placed on an artificial elevation
(e.g. tower).
For ZephIR lidar, after calculating 60 points on the conical circle, all three velocity components
can be obtained through a linear fit to trigonometric series
as;
u = b
sinφ
v = c
sinφ
a+bcosθ+csinθ, (276)
w = a
cosφ
Θ = arctan v
u
. (277)
For Windcube, radial wind speed vr from calculated at four measurement points are used
in Eq. (266)–(268) directly to derive wind speed components and direction.
12.4 Experimental studies
Conically scanning lidars assume the flow to be homogeneous in order to deduce the horizontal
wind speed as it has been described in section 12.3.1. However, in moderately complex
or complex terrain this assumption is not valid implying a risk that the lidar will derive an
erroneous wind speed. The magnitude of this error was measured by collocating a meteorological
mast and a lidar at two Greek sites, one hilly and one mountainous. In order to predict
the error for various wind directions the flows at both sites were simulated with the linearised
flow model LINCOM as described in section 12.3.2. The measurement data were compared
with the model predictions with good results for the hilly site.
In both experiments lidar data are collected by the standard QinetiQ software and synchronized
with mast data by the CRES WindRose software. Instruments are calibrated according
to the requirements of IEC61400-12-1:2005/Annex F and MEASNET guidelines at CRES
Laboratory for Wind Turbine Testing.
12.4.1 Hilly site; Lavrio
The Lavrio site is located 38 km SE of the center of Athens close to the coast of the
Aegean Sea. The experiment took place between 2008-Dec-01and 2008-Jan-15. The highest
point is 200 m ASL and main wind direction is 0 ◦ . The 100 m triangular lattice reference
meteorological mast is equipped with cup anemometers and vanes at five heights (10, 32, 54,
76, and 100 m). Cups are to the east and vanes are to the west. There are also ultrasonic
3D Gill anemometers at three heights (34, 78, and 98 m) which are not used in this study
due to problems with icing but this does not influence the used cup anemometers and vanes.
Additionally, the temperature profile is measured using differential thermometers, as well as,
the atmospheric pressure and the solar radiation. Dedicated instrumentation is used for signal
protection, filtering and conditioning. The lidar is located nearly 12 m north of the mast. The
measurement heights are 32 and 78 m.
At Lavrio, most of the winds are northerly which means it is blowingfrom lidar to the mast.
Thescatterplots(Figure 162-top)showgenerally5to 7%errors inwindspeed measurements.
For the WAsP Engineering model we have used 3 km×3 km map with 4 m resolution simulating
the wind direction from 0 ◦ to 360 ◦ with 6 ◦ bins. We have used all the data from the
mast at each height and averaged them according to the wind direction in 10 ◦ bins.
The comparison between the model and the measurements is shown in Figure 162 (lower
two plots) and shows good correlation in some sectors. The mast is voluminous, thus the
selected data must be far from boom direction which is 113 ◦ . These sectors are marked with
lightgrey areasin the plotsfor ±30 ◦ . Theideal ratioline ofone is alsoshownand it represents
236 DTU Wind Energy-E-Report-0029(EN)