md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

. There are associated glands--the liver and the pancreas--which produce additional enzymes to further the process. c. Most digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestines. 6-9. ANATOMY OF THE SMALL INTESTINES a. The small intestines are classically divided into three areas-- the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is C-shaped, about 10 inches long in the adult. The duodenum is looped around the pancreas. DUODENUM = 12 fingers (length equal to width of 12 fingers) The jejunum is approximately eight feet long and connects the duodenum and ileum. The ileum is about 12 feet long. The jejunum and ileum are attached to the rear wall of the abdomen with a membrane called a mesentery. This membrane allows mobility and serves as a passageway for nerves and vessels (NAVL) to the small intestines. JEJUNUM = empty ILEUM = lying next to the ilium (bone of the pelvic girdle; PELVIS = basin) b. The small intestine is tubular. It has muscular walls which produce a wave-like motion called peristalsis moving the contents along. The small intestine is just the right length to allow the processes of digestion and absorption to take place completely. c. The inner surface of the small intestine is NOT smooth like the inside of new plumbing pipes. Rather, the inner surface has folds (plicae). On the surface of these plicae are finger-like projections called villi (villus, singular). This folding and the presence of villi increase the surface area available for absorption. 6-10. LIVER AND GALLBLADDER a. Liver Anatomy. The liver is a large and complex organ. Most of its mass is on the right side of the body and within the lower portion of the rib cage. Its upper surface is in contact with the diaphragm. b. Liver Functions. The liver is a complex chemical factory with many functions. These include aspects of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and vitamin metabolism and processes related to blood clotting and red blood cell destruction. Its digestive function is to produce a fluid called bile or gall. c. Gallbladder. Until needed, the bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder, a sac on the inferior surface of the liver. Fluid from the gallbladder flows through the cystic duct, which joins the common hepatic duct from the liver to form the MD0006 6-7
common bile duct. The common bile duct then usually joins with the duct of the pancreas as the fluid enters the duodenum. 6-11. PANCREAS The pancreas is a soft, pliable organ stretched across the posterior wall of the abdomen. When called upon, it secretes its powerful digestive fluid, known as pancreatic juice, into the duodenum. Its duct joins the common bile duct. 6-12. GENERAL FUNCTION Section V. THE LARGE INTESTINES The primary function of the large intestines is the salvaging of water and electrolytes (salts). Most of the end products of digestion have already been absorbed in the small intestines. Within the large intestines, the contents are first a watery fluid. Thus, the large intestines are important in the conservation of water for use by the body. The large intestines remove water until a nearly solid mass is formed before defecation, the evacuation of feces. 6-13. MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS The major subdivisions of the large intestines are the cecum (with vermiform or "worm-shaped" appendix), the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The fecal mass is stored in the sigmoid colon until passed into the rectum. 6-14. RECTUM, ANAL CANAL, AND ANUS Rectum means "straight." However, this six-inch tubular structure would actually look a bit wave-like from the front. From the side, one would see that it was curved to conform the sacrum (at the lower end of the spinal column). The final storage of feces is in the rectum. The rectum terminates in the narrow anal canal, which is about one and one-half inches long in the adult. At the end of the anal canal is the opening called the anus. Muscles called the anal sphincters aid in the retention of feces until defecation. MD0006 6-8
Page 1 and 2:
U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
Page 5 and 6:
9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
Page 7 and 8:
MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
Page 9 and 10:
MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
Page 11 and 12:
Material Furnished: In addition to
Page 13 and 14:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
Page 15 and 16:
terminology. Accountants have debit
Page 17 and 18:
. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
Page 21 and 22:
1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
Page 23 and 24:
d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
Page 25 and 26:
5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
Page 27 and 28:
15. In figure 1-6, three points are
Page 29 and 30:
18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
Page 31 and 32:
14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
Page 33 and 34:
2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
Page 35 and 36:
d. Functions. According to its loca
Page 37 and 38:
. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
Page 41 and 42:
8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
Page 43 and 44:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
Page 45 and 46:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
Page 47 and 48:
3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
Page 49 and 50:
3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
Page 51 and 52:
3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
Page 53 and 54:
EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 55 and 56:
16. The term serous refers to a . S
Page 57 and 58:
13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
Page 59 and 60: MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
Page 61 and 62: Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
Page 63 and 64: 4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
Page 65 and 66: Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
Page 67 and 68: d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
Page 69 and 70: (2) In the plane joint, the contact
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
Page 73 and 74: (d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
Page 77 and 78: PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
Page 85 and 86: 7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
Page 87 and 88: 17. Name and define the two major s
Page 89 and 90: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 4 1.
Page 91 and 92: 19. The regions of the vertebral co
Page 93 and 94: 5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
Page 97 and 98: a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
Page 99 and 100: . Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
Page 101 and 102: EXERCISES, LESSON 5 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 105 and 106: 6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
Page 107 and 108: a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
Page 109: 6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
Page 113 and 114: EXERCISES, LESSON 6 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 115 and 116: 14. The texture of the pancreas is
Page 117 and 118: 10. The process of digestion is fac
Page 119 and 120: 7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
Page 121 and 122: SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
Page 123 and 124: (2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
Page 127 and 128: 7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
Page 129 and 130: 9. The functions of the supralaryng
Page 133 and 134: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
Page 135 and 136: 8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
Page 137 and 138: the cortex layer, it once again bec
Page 139 and 140: eginning of an embryo (the process
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162:
(1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163 and 164:
(3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 165 and 166:
ecome closed for whatever reason, t
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172:
a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174:
5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176:
18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 177 and 178:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 9 1.
Page 179 and 180:
15. The coronary arteries supply "n
Page 181 and 182:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184:
. The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186:
e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188:
hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190:
5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191 and 192:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 193 and 194:
13. During the first half of the me
Page 195 and 196:
MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198:
11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200:
a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202:
system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206:
d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210:
(1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212:
(4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214:
organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216:
(2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
Page 217 and 218:
11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
Page 219 and 220:
c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221 and 222:
(5) Iris. Another structure formed
Page 223 and 224:
11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
Page 225 and 226:
11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228:
Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
Page 229 and 230:
11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
Page 231 and 232:
f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
Page 233 and 234:
7. Each item below refers to the th
Page 235 and 236:
18. Groups of related functions are
Page 237 and 238:
30. If it carries information from
Page 239 and 240:
46. Name examples of general senses
Page 241 and 242:
61. The orbit is the cavity in the
Page 243 and 244:
73. The central column of the cochl
Page 245 and 246:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
Page 247 and 248:
19. The ventricles of the brain are
Page 249 and 250:
34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
Page 251 and 252:
52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
Page 253 and 254:
ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
Page 255:
COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
show all

md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?