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7. The anterior pituitary gland originates from the roof of the embryo's mouth. It then attaches itself to the posterior pituitary gland. By means of a venous portal system, the anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus. Here, certain chemicals known as releasing factors are produced. These are carried to the anterior pituitary by the venous portal system. They stimulate the anterior pituitary gland's cells to secrete their specific hormones. In turn, these hormones stimulate the target organs to produce their own products. This stimulating effect is referred to as trophic. Two of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland are somatotrophic hormone and ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone). The target organs of the first are the growing structures of the body. The second stimulates the cortex of the suprarenal (adrenal) gland to produce its own hormones. (para 10-5) 8. The thyroid gland is in the neck region just below the larynx and surrounds the trachea. The masses on either side of the trachea are the right and left thyroid lobes. The tissue connecting the two lobes is called the isthmus. It is found across the front of the trachea. Each lobe of the thyroid gland is supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The primary hormone of the thyroid gland is thyroxin, which affects the basal metabolic rate (BMR), the level of activity of the body. (paras 10-6--10-8) 9. The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior aspects of the thyroid lobes. The hormone produced by these glands is called parathyroid hormone or parathormone. It is involved with calcium metabolism. (paras 10-9, 10-10) 10. Within the pancreas are distributed small groups of cells known as islets. The two most <strong>com</strong>monly recognized hormones of the islets are insulin and glucagon. Theses hormones are involved with glucose metabolism. (paras 10-11, 10-12) 11. The suprarenal glands are embedded in the fat above the kidney on each side. Each suprarenal gland has an internal medulla and an external cortex. The inner portion produces a pair of hormones: epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin). These are involved in the mobilization of energy during the stress reaction ("fight or flight"). Each suprarenal cortex produces hormones which can be grouped into three different categories: a. Mineralocorticoids (for example, aldosterone), which are concerned with the electrolytes of the body. b. Glucocorticoids (for example, cortisol), which are concerned with many metabolic functions and are anti-inflammatory in nature. c. Sex hormones. (paras 10-13--10-15) 12. In humans, the primary sex organs are known as gonads. These organs produce sex cells (gametes) and sex hormones. (para 10-16) MD0006 10-12
13. During the first half of the menstrual cycle, the ovaries produce estrogens. During the second half, they produce progesterone. These hormones are concerned with female sexuality and with the preparation of female sex organs for reproduction. (para 10-17) 14. The testes produce the male sex hormones known as androgens (for example, testosterone). These hormones are concerned with male sexuality. (para 10-18) End of Lesson 10 MD0006 10-13
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
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14. The texture of the pancreas is
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10. The process of digestion is fac
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7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
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SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
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(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
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Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
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7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
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9. The functions of the supralaryng
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
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8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
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the cortex layer, it once again bec
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eginning of an embryo (the process
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 151 and 152: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 8 1.
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162: (1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163 and 164: (3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 165 and 166: ecome closed for whatever reason, t
Page 167 and 168: Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174: 5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176: 18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 177 and 178: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 9 1.
Page 179 and 180: 15. The coronary arteries supply "n
Page 181 and 182: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184: . The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186: e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188: hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190: 5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 195 and 196: MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198: 11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200: a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202: system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206: d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208: Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210: (1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212: (4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214: organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216: (2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
Page 217 and 218: 11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
Page 219 and 220: c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221 and 222: (5) Iris. Another structure formed
Page 223 and 224: 11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
Page 225 and 226: 11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228: Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
Page 229 and 230: 11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
Page 231 and 232: f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
Page 233 and 234: 7. Each item below refers to the th
Page 235 and 236: 18. Groups of related functions are
Page 237 and 238: 30. If it carries information from
Page 239 and 240: 46. Name examples of general senses
Page 241 and 242: 61. The orbit is the cavity in the
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73. The central column of the cochl
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
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19. The ventricles of the brain are
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34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
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ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
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COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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