md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

More documents

Recommendations

Info

a. Urethral Sphincters. The urethral sphincters are circular muscle masses which control the passage of the urine through the urethra. There are two urethral sphincters--an internal urethral sphincter and an external urethral sphincter. (1) The internal urethral sphincter is located in the floor of the urinary bladder. It is made of smooth muscle tissue. It is controlled by nerves of the autonomic nervous system (lesson 11). (2) The external urethral sphincter is more inferior around the urethra in the area of the pelvic floor. It is made up of striated muscle tissue. It is controlled by the peripheral nervous system (lesson 11). b. Male-Female Differences. The female urethra is short and direct. The male urethra is much longer and has two curvatures. Whereas the female urethra serves only a urinary function, the male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive functions. Section II. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GENITAL (REPRODUCTIVE) SYSTEMS 8-7. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM The human male and human female each has a system of organs specifically designed for the production of new humans. These systems are known as reproductive or genital systems. Since there are different systems for males and females, the genital systems are an example of sexual dimorphism. MORPH = form, shape DI = two SEXUAL = according to sex (gender) SEXUAL DIMORPHISM = having two different forms according to sex 8-8. ADVANTAGES OF DOUBLE PARENTING The existence of two parents for each child means that genetic materials are recombined to produce a new type. This new type may be an improvement over previous generations. 8-9. MAJOR COMPONENT CATEGORIES OF THE GENITAL SYSTEMS Components of the genital systems may be considered in the following categories: a. Primary Sex Organs (Gonads). Primary sex organs produce sex cells (gametes). A male gamete and a female gamete may be united to form the one-cell MD0006 8-6
eginning of an embryo (the process of fertilization). Primary sex organs also produce sex hormones. b. Secondary Sex Organs. Secondary sex organs care for the product of the primary sex organ. c. Secondary Sexual Characteristics. Secondary sexual characteristics are those traits that tend to make males and females more attractive to each other. Secondary sexual characteristics help to ensure mating. These characteristics first appear during puberty (10-15 years of age). Section III. THE HUMAN FEMALE GENITAL (REPRODUCTIVE) SYSTEM 8-10. PRIMARY SEX ORGANS (OVARIES) The primary sex organ in the human female is the ovary. See figure 8-4 for an illustration of the female genital system. The ovaries are located to the sides of the upper end of the uterus. They are anchored to the posterior surface of the broad ligaments. (The broad ligaments are sheets or folds of peritoneum enclosing the uterus and uterine tubes and extending to the sides of the pelvis.) a. The ovary produces the egg cell or ovum (ova, plural). b. The ovary produces female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone). c. The production of ova is cyclic. One ovum is released in each menstrual period, about 28 days. 8-11. SECONDARY SEX ORGANS a. Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes, Oviducts). Extending to either side of the uterus are two muscular tubes which open at the outer ends like fringed trumpets. The fringe-like appendages encircle the ovaries. At their medial ends, the uterine tubes open into the uterus. The function of the uterine tubes is to pick up the ovum when released from the ovary and hold it UNTIL one of the following happens: (1) It is fertilized. After fertilization, the initial stages of embryo development take place. The developing embryo is eventually moved into the uterus. (2) The nutrient stored within the ovum is used up and the ovum dies. This may take three to five days. MD0006 8-7
Page 1 and 2:
U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
Page 5 and 6:
9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
Page 7 and 8:
MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
Page 9 and 10:
MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
Page 11 and 12:
Material Furnished: In addition to
Page 13 and 14:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
Page 15 and 16:
terminology. Accountants have debit
Page 17 and 18:
. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
Page 21 and 22:
1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
Page 23 and 24:
d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
Page 25 and 26:
5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
Page 27 and 28:
15. In figure 1-6, three points are
Page 29 and 30:
18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
Page 31 and 32:
14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
Page 33 and 34:
2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
Page 35 and 36:
d. Functions. According to its loca
Page 37 and 38:
. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
Page 41 and 42:
8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
Page 43 and 44:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
Page 45 and 46:
LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
Page 47 and 48:
3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
Page 49 and 50:
3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
Page 51 and 52:
3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
Page 53 and 54:
EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 55 and 56:
16. The term serous refers to a . S
Page 57 and 58:
13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
Page 59 and 60:
MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
Page 61 and 62:
Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
Page 63 and 64:
4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
Page 65 and 66:
Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
Page 67 and 68:
d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
Page 69 and 70:
(2) In the plane joint, the contact
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
Page 73 and 74:
(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
Page 77 and 78:
PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
Page 85 and 86:
7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
Page 87 and 88: 17. Name and define the two major s
Page 89 and 90: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 4 1.
Page 91 and 92: 19. The regions of the vertebral co
Page 93 and 94: 5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
Page 97 and 98: a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
Page 99 and 100: . Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
Page 101 and 102: EXERCISES, LESSON 5 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 105 and 106: 6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
Page 107 and 108: a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
Page 109 and 110: 6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
Page 111 and 112: common bile duct. The common bile d
Page 113 and 114: EXERCISES, LESSON 6 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 115 and 116: 14. The texture of the pancreas is
Page 117 and 118: 10. The process of digestion is fac
Page 119 and 120: 7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
Page 121 and 122: SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
Page 123 and 124: (2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
Page 127 and 128: 7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
Page 129 and 130: 9. The functions of the supralaryng
Page 133 and 134: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
Page 135 and 136: 8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
Page 137: the cortex layer, it once again bec
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162: (1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163 and 164: (3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 165 and 166: ecome closed for whatever reason, t
Page 167 and 168: Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174: 5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176: 18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 179 and 180: 15. The coronary arteries supply "n
Page 181 and 182: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184: . The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186: e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188: hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190:
5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191 and 192:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 193 and 194:
13. During the first half of the me
Page 195 and 196:
MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198:
11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200:
a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202:
system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206:
d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210:
(1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212:
(4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214:
organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216:
(2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
Page 217 and 218:
11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
Page 219 and 220:
c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221 and 222:
(5) Iris. Another structure formed
Page 223 and 224:
11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
Page 225 and 226:
11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228:
Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
Page 229 and 230:
11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
Page 231 and 232:
f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
Page 233 and 234:
7. Each item below refers to the th
Page 235 and 236:
18. Groups of related functions are
Page 237 and 238:
30. If it carries information from
Page 239 and 240:
46. Name examples of general senses
Page 241 and 242:
61. The orbit is the cavity in the
Page 243 and 244:
73. The central column of the cochl
Page 245 and 246:
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
Page 247 and 248:
19. The ventricles of the brain are
Page 249 and 250:
34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
Page 251 and 252:
52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
Page 253 and 254:
ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
Page 255:
COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
show all

md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?