md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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(a) Between the atrium and ventricle of each side is the atrioventricular (A-V) valve. Each A-V valve prevents the blood from going back into the atrium from the ventricle of the same side. The right A-V valve is known as the tricuspid valve. The left A-V valve is known as the mitral valve. ("Might is never right.") The leaflets (flaps) of the A-V valves are prevented from being pushed back into the atria by fibrous cords. These fibrous cords are attached to the underside (the ventricular side) of the leaflets and are called chordae tendineae. At their other ends, the chordae tendineae are attached to the inner walls of the ventricles by papillary muscles. (b) A major artery leads away from each ventricle--the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and the aortic arch from the left ventricle. A semilunar valve is found at the base of each of the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch. These semilunar valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. The pulmonary (semilunar) valve and the aortic (semilunar) valve are each made up of three semilunar ("pocket-like") cusps. b. Control of the Heart Beat. The heart is under several different control systems--extrinsic nervous control, intrinsic nervous control, and humoral control. (1) Extrinsic nervous control. Extrinsic nervous control is control from outside of the heart. Extrinsic control is exerted by nerves of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic cardiac nerves accelerate (speed up) the heart. The vagus parasympathetic nerve decelerates (slows down) the heart. (2) Intrinsic "nervous" control. Intrinsic "nervous" control is control built within the heart. The intrinsic "nervous" system consists of the sinoatrial (S-A) node (often referred to as the "pacemaker"), the atrioventricular (A-V) node, and the septal bundles. The septal bundles spread through the walls of the ventricles, just beneath the endocardium. This <strong>com</strong>bination of nodes and bundles initiates the heart beat automatically and transmits the impulse through the atria and the ventricles. (3) Humoral control. In addition to the "nervous" control of heart action, it appears that there are substances in the blood itself which have varying effects on the functioning of the heart. Although these substances are not as yet well understood, they appear to have some importance. The transplanted heart seems to depend to a degree on this control mechanism, since much of its "nervous controls" have been lost for the initial period in the recipient's body. c. Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins. We may say that the heart deals with two different kinds of blood flow--"functional" blood and "nutritive" blood. "Functional" blood is the blood that the heart works on or pushes with its motive force. However, the walls of the heart require nutrition that they cannot get directly from the blood within the chambers. "Nutritive" blood is supplied to these walls by the coronary arteries, right and left. The coronary arteries arise from the base of the aortic arch and are distributed over the surface of the heart. This blood is collected by the cardiac veins and empties into the right atrium of the heart. Should a coronary artery, or one of its branches, MD0006 9-10
e<strong>com</strong>e closed for whatever reason, that part of the heart wall formerly supplied nutrient blood by the closed vessel will very likely die. d. Pericardial Sac. The average heart contracts in what is known as a heart beat, about 70-80 times a minute. To reduce the frictional forces that would be applied to its moving surfaces, the heart is enclosed in a special serous sac known as the pericardium ("around the heart"). 9-8. CARDIOVASCULAR CIRCULATORY PATTERNS See figure 9-4 for an illustration depicting cardiovascular circulatory patterns. Figure 9-4. Cardiovascular circulatory patterns. MD0006 9-11
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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EXERCISES, LESSON 5 REQUIREMENT. Th
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
Page 113 and 114: EXERCISES, LESSON 6 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 115 and 116: 14. The texture of the pancreas is
Page 117 and 118: 10. The process of digestion is fac
Page 119 and 120: 7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
Page 121 and 122: SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
Page 123 and 124: (2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
Page 127 and 128: 7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
Page 129 and 130: 9. The functions of the supralaryng
Page 131 and 132: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 7 1.
Page 133 and 134: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
Page 135 and 136: 8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
Page 137 and 138: the cortex layer, it once again bec
Page 139 and 140: eginning of an embryo (the process
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162: (1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163: (3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 167 and 168: Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174: 5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176: 18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 179 and 180: 15. The coronary arteries supply "n
Page 181 and 182: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184: . The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186: e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188: hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190: 5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191 and 192: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 193 and 194: 13. During the first half of the me
Page 195 and 196: MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198: 11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200: a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202: system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206: d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208: Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210: (1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212: (4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214: organ. The cell bodies of the secon
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(2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
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11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
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c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
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(5) Iris. Another structure formed
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11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
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11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
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Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
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11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
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f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
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7. Each item below refers to the th
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18. Groups of related functions are
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30. If it carries information from
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46. Name examples of general senses
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61. The orbit is the cavity in the
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73. The central column of the cochl
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
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19. The ventricles of the brain are
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34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
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ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
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COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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