md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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a. External Nose. The external nose is the portion projecting from the face. It is supported primarily by cartilages. It has a midline divider called the nasal septum, which extends from the internal nose. Paired openings (nostrils) lead to paired spaces (vestibules). Guard hairs in the nostrils filter inflowing air. b. Nasal Chambers (Internal Nose). Behind each vestibule of the external nose is a nasal chamber. The two nasal chambers together form the internal nose. These chambers too are separated by the nasal septum. (1) Mucoperiosteum. The walls of the nasal chambers are lined with a thick mucous-type membrane known as the mucoperiosteum. It has a ciliated epithelial surface and a rich blood supply, which provides warmth and moisture. At times, it may become quite swollen. CILIATED = provided with cilia (hairlike projections which move fluids to the rear) (2) Conchae. The lateral wall of each chamber has three scroll- like extensions into the nasal chamber which help to increase the surface area exposed to the inflowing air. These scroll-like extensions are known as conchae. CONCHA (pronounced KON-kah) = sea shell CONCHA (singular), CONCHAE (plural) (3) Olfactory epithelium. The sense of smell is due to special nerve endings located in the upper areas of the nasal chambers. The epithelium containing the sensory endings is known as the olfactory epithelium. (4) Paranasal sinuses. There are air "cells" or cavities in the skull known as paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are connected with the nasal chambers and are lined with the same ciliated mucoperiosteum. Thus, these sinuses are extensions of the nasal chambers into the skull bones. For this reason, they are known as paranasal sinuses. c. Pharynx. The pharynx (FAIR-inks) is the common posterior space for the respiratory and digestive systems. (1) Nasopharynx. That portion of the pharynx specifically related to the respiratory system is the nasopharynx. It is the portion of the pharynx above the soft palate. The two posterior openings (nares) of the nasal chambers lead into the single space of the nasopharynx. The auditory (eustachian) tubes also open into the nasopharynx. The auditory tubes connect the nasopharynx with the middle ears (to equalize the pressure between the outside and inside of the eardrum). Lying in the upper posterior wall of the nasopharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids). The soft palate floor of the nasopharynx is a trapdoor which closes off the upper respiratory passageways during swallowing. MD0006 7-5
(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the pharynx closely related to the digestive system is the oropharynx. It is the portion of the pharynx below the soft palate and above the upper edge of the epiglottis. (The epiglottis is the flap that prevents food from entering the larynx (discussed below) during swallowing.) (3) Laryngopharynx. That portion of the pharynx which is common to the respiratory and digestive systems is the laryngopharynx. It is the portion of the pharynx below the upper edge of the epiglottis. Thus, the digestive and respiratory systems lead into it from above and lead off from it below. 7-4. LARYNX The larynx, also called the Adam's apple or voice box, connects the pharynx with the trachea. The larynx, located in the anterior neck region, has a box-like shape. See figure 7-3 for an illustration. Since the voice box of the male becomes larger and heavier during puberty, the voice deepens. The adult male's voice box tends to be located lower in the neck; in the female, the larynx remains higher and smaller and the voice is of a higher pitch. a. Parts and Spaces. The larynx has a vestibule ("entrance hallway") which can be covered over by the epiglottis. The glottis itself is the hole between the vocal cords. Through the glottis, air passes from the vestibule into the main chamber of the larynx (below the cords) and then into the trachea. The skeleton of the larynx is made up of a series of cartilages. b. Muscles. The larynx serves two functions and there are two sets of muscles--one for each function. (1) One set controls the size of the glottis. Thus, it regulates the volume of air passing through the trachea. (2) The other set controls the tension of the vocal cords. Thus, it produces vibrations of selected frequencies (variations in pitch) of the moving air to be used in the process of speaking. MD0006 7-6
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
Page 73 and 74: (d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
Page 77 and 78: PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
Page 83 and 84: Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
Page 85 and 86: 7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
Page 87 and 88: 17. Name and define the two major s
Page 89 and 90: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 4 1.
Page 91 and 92: 19. The regions of the vertebral co
Page 93 and 94: 5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
Page 97 and 98: a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
Page 99 and 100: . Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
Page 101 and 102: EXERCISES, LESSON 5 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 105 and 106: 6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
Page 107 and 108: a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
Page 109 and 110: 6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
Page 111 and 112: common bile duct. The common bile d
Page 113 and 114: EXERCISES, LESSON 6 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 115 and 116: 14. The texture of the pancreas is
Page 117 and 118: 10. The process of digestion is fac
Page 119 and 120: 7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
Page 121: SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
Page 127 and 128: 7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
Page 129 and 130: 9. The functions of the supralaryng
Page 133 and 134: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
Page 135 and 136: 8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
Page 137 and 138: the cortex layer, it once again bec
Page 139 and 140: eginning of an embryo (the process
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162: (1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163 and 164: (3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 165 and 166: ecome closed for whatever reason, t
Page 167 and 168: Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
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5. The most common types of white b
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18. In the case of collateral circu
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 9 1.
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15. The coronary arteries supply "n
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
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. The Endocrine System. In the huma
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e. Of the many hormones produced by
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hormones are involved in the mobili
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5. The pituitary body is a small -s
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
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13. During the first half of the me
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MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
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11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
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a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
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system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
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Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
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d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
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Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
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(1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
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(4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
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organ. The cell bodies of the secon
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(2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
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11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
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c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
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(5) Iris. Another structure formed
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11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
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11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
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Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
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11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
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f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
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7. Each item below refers to the th
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18. Groups of related functions are
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30. If it carries information from
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46. Name examples of general senses
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61. The orbit is the cavity in the
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73. The central column of the cochl
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
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19. The ventricles of the brain are
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34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
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ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
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COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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