md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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8. The inner, smooth epithelial layer of a blood vessel is called the intima. The middle layer of smooth muscle tissue is called the media. The outer layer of FCT is the adventitia. (para 9-6a) 9. The three types of blood vessels are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries carry blood away from the chambers of the heart. The veins carry blood toward the chambers of the heart. Capillaries have extremely thin walls so that exchanges can take place between the blood and tissue cells. (para 9-6b) 10. The heart chambers are the four cavities into which the heart is divided. The atria are the upper two chambers of the heart. Each atrium has an ear-like projection known as an auricle. The ventricles are the lower two chambers of the heart. Between the two atria is a common wall known as the interatrial septum. Between the two ventricles is a common wall known as the interventricular septum. (para 9-7a(1)) 11. The three layers in the walls of the heart chambers are the endocardium, the myocardium, and the epicardium. The inner layer is a smooth epithelium. The middle layer is made up of cardiac muscle tissue. The outer layer is another epithelium. (para 9-7a(2)) 12. The atrial walls are relatively thin. The right ventricular wall is much thicker than the atrial walls. The left ventricular wall is three to five times thicker than the right ventricular wall. (para 9-7a(3)) 13. The valve between the atrium and ventricle of each side is the atrioventricular (A-V) valve. The right A-V valve is known as the tricuspid valve. The left A-V valve is known as the mitral valve. The fibrous cords attached to the underside of the A-V valves are called chordae tendineae. They are attached to the inner walls of the ventricles by papillary muscles. (para 9-7a(4)(a)) The valve at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the valve at the base of the aortic arch are both semilunar valves, each with three cusps. They are often called the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. (para 9-7a(4)(b)) 14. Extrinsic nervous control of the heart is exerted by nerves of the autonomic nervous system. Speeding the heart up are the sympathetic cardiac nerves. Slowing the heart down is the vagus parasympathetic nerve. (para 9-7b(1)) Intrinsic "nervous" control is built within the heart. It consists of the sinoatrial (S-A) node, the atrioventricular (A-V) node, and the septal bundles. (para 9-7b(2)) For humoral control, there appears to be substances in the blood itself which have varying effects upon the functioning of the heart. (para 9-7b(3)) MD0006 9-24
15. The coronary arteries supply "nutritive" blood to the heart walls. The coronary arteries arise from the base of the aortic arch and are spread over the surface of the heart. This blood is collected by the cardiac veins, which empty into the right atrium of the heart. If a coronary artery becomes closed, the receiving area of the heart will probably die. (para 9-7c) 16. The pericardium is a special serous sac surrounding the heart and reducing the frictional forces upon its moving surfaces. (para 9-7d) 17. The human cardiovascular system is closed because at no place is whole blood ever outside the system. It is two-cycle because the blood passes through the heart twice with each complete circuit of the body. In the pulmonary cycle, the blood passes from the right heart, through the lungs, and to the left heart. In the systemic cycle, the blood passes from the left heart, through the body in general, and returns to the right heart. (para 9-8a) 18. In the case of collateral circulation, if one blood vessel to an area is damaged, then another blood vessel will continue the supply. However, when an end artery is damaged, the receiving area will usually die. (para 9-8a(3)) 19. PULMONARY CYCLE: The pulmonary cycle begins in the right ventricle. Contraction of the wall of the right ventricle forces the tricuspid valve to close. This keeps blood from flowing back into the right atrium. The pressure forces blood past the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. Upon relaxation of the right ventricle, back pressure of the blood in the pulmonary trunk closes the pulmonary semilunar valve. The blood then passes into the lungs through the pulmonary arterial system. Gases are exchanged between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in the capillaries next to the alveoli. The oxygenated blood is collected by the pulmonary veins and carried to the left atrium of the heart. (para 9-8b) 20. SYSTEMIC CYCLE: Oxygenated blood is moved from the left atrium into the left ventricle. Contraction of the wall of the left ventricle closes the mitral valve, which prevents blood from returning to the left atrium. The pressure forces blood past the aortic semilunar valve into the aortic arch. Upon relaxation of the left ventricular wall, back pressure of the blood in the aortic arch closes the aortic semilunar valve. The blood then passes through the various arteries to the tissues of the body. Materials are exchanged between the blood and cells of the body in the capillary beds. The blood returns to the right atrium of the heart in vessels called veins. (para 9-8c) 21. The head is supplied by the carotid arteries. The neck and upper members are supplied by the subclavian arteries. The aortic arch continues as a large single vessel known as the aorta. At the lower end of the trunk, the aorta divides into the right and left iliac arteries, supplying the pelvic region and lower members. (para 9-8c(2)) MD0006 9-25
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
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14. The texture of the pancreas is
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10. The process of digestion is fac
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7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
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SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
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(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
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Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
Page 127 and 128: 7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
Page 129 and 130: 9. The functions of the supralaryng
Page 131 and 132: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 7 1.
Page 133 and 134: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
Page 135 and 136: 8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
Page 137 and 138: the cortex layer, it once again bec
Page 139 and 140: eginning of an embryo (the process
Page 141 and 142: (2) Wall structure. The inner linin
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8-5. The human male genital
Page 145 and 146: (1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
Page 147 and 148: 8. The first coiled portion of the
Page 149 and 150: 21. The external genitalia of the h
Page 151 and 152: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 8 1.
Page 153 and 154: 19. The inner lining of the uterus
Page 155 and 156: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
Page 157 and 158: LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
Page 159 and 160: (1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Page 161 and 162: (1) The arteries carry blood away f
Page 163 and 164: (3) Relationship of wall thickness
Page 165 and 166: ecome closed for whatever reason, t
Page 167 and 168: Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
Page 169 and 170: Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174: 5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176: 18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 177: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 9 1.
Page 181 and 182: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184: . The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186: e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188: hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190: 5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191 and 192: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 193 and 194: 13. During the first half of the me
Page 195 and 196: MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198: 11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200: a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202: system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206: d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208: Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210: (1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212: (4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214: organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216: (2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
Page 217 and 218: 11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
Page 219 and 220: c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221 and 222: (5) Iris. Another structure formed
Page 223 and 224: 11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
Page 225 and 226: 11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228: Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
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11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
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f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
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7. Each item below refers to the th
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18. Groups of related functions are
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30. If it carries information from
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46. Name examples of general senses
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61. The orbit is the cavity in the
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73. The central column of the cochl
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
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19. The ventricles of the brain are
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34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
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ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
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COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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