md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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(1) Four recti. Four of these muscles are straight from the rear of the orbit to the eyeball. They are therefore known as the recti muscles (RECTUS = straight). Each name indicates the position of the muscles in relationship to the eyeball as follows: lateral rectus M. (on the outer side) superior rectus M. (above) medial rectus M. (on the inner side) inferior rectus M. (below) (2) Two obliques. Two muscles approach the eyeball from the medial side and are known as the superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles. b. Eyelids. Attached to the margins of the orbit, in front of the eyeball, are the upper and lower eyelids (palpebra (Latin), blepharon (Greek)). These have muscles for opening and closing the eyelids. The eyelashes (cilia) are special hairs of the eyelids which help protect the eyeball. The margins of the eyelids have special oil to prevent the loss of fluids from the area. The inner lining of the eyelids is continuous with the conjunctiva, a membrane over the anterior surface of the eyeball. c. Lacrimal Apparatus. The conjunctiva must be kept moist and clean at all times. To do this, a lacrimal apparatus is associated with the eyelids. In the upper outer corner of the orbit is a lacrimal gland, which secretes a lacrimal fluid (tears) into the junction between the upper eyelid and the conjunctiva. By the motion of the eyeball and the eyelids (blinking), this fluid is moved across the surface of the conjunctiva to the medial inferior aspect. Here, the lacrimal fluid is collected and delivered into the nasal chamber by the nasolacrimal duct. d. Eyebrow. The eyebrow (supercilium) is a special group of hairs above the orbit. The eyebrow serves to keep rain and sweat away from the eyeball. e. Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II). Neurons carry information from the photoreceptors of the nervous retina. They leave the eyeball at the blind spot. At the optic nerve, or second cranial nerve, the neurons pass to the rear of the orbit. There, the optic nerve exits through the optic canal into the cranial cavity. Beneath the brain, the optic nerves from both sides join to form the optic chiasma, in which half of the neurons from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side. From the optic chiasma, the right and left optic tracts proceed to the brain proper. MD0006 11-29
11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECIAL SENSE OF HEARING (AUDITORY) The human ear serves two major special sensory functions--hearing (auditory) and equilibrium (balance). The stimulus for hearing is sound waves. The stimulus for equilibrium is gravitational forces. a. Methods of Sound Transmission. The sound stimulus is transmitted in a variety of ways. Regardless of the actual transmission method, the sound stimulus is unchanged. Sound may be transmitted as: (1) Airborne waves. These airborne waves have frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness or intensity). (2) Mechanical oscillations (vibrations) of structures. (3) Fluid-borne pressure pulses. (4) Electrical impulses along the neurons to and in the brain. b. Sections of the Human Ear (figure 11-12). The human ear has three major parts. Each part serves a specific function in the transmission and reception of the sound stimulus. The three parts are known as the external (outer) ear, the middle ear, and the internal (inner) ear. 11-31. THE EXTERNAL EAR The external ear begins on the outside of the head in the form of a funnel-shaped auricle (pinna). Actually serving as a funnel, the auricle directs airborne sound waves into the external auditory meatus. The external auditory meatus is a tubular canal extending into the temporal portion of the skull. 11-32. THE MIDDLE EAR a. Tympanic Membrane. At the inner end of the external auditory meatus is the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a circular membrane separating the external auditory meatus from the middle ear cavity. The tympanic membrane vibrates (mechanically oscillates) in response to airborne sound waves. b. Middle Ear Cavity. On the medial side of the tympanic membrane is the middle ear cavity. The middle ear cavity is a space within the temporal bone. MD0006 11-30
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
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14. The texture of the pancreas is
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10. The process of digestion is fac
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7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
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SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
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(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
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Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
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7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
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9. The functions of the supralaryng
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8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
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the cortex layer, it once again bec
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eginning of an embryo (the process
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(2) Wall structure. The inner linin
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Figure 8-5. The human male genital
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(1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
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8. The first coiled portion of the
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21. The external genitalia of the h
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19. The inner lining of the uterus
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LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
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(1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
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(1) The arteries carry blood away f
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(3) Relationship of wall thickness
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ecome closed for whatever reason, t
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Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
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Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
Page 171 and 172: a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
Page 173 and 174: 5. The most common types of white b
Page 175 and 176: 18. In the case of collateral circu
Page 177 and 178: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 9 1.
Page 179 and 180: 15. The coronary arteries supply "n
Page 181 and 182: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
Page 183 and 184: . The Endocrine System. In the huma
Page 185 and 186: e. Of the many hormones produced by
Page 187 and 188: hormones are involved in the mobili
Page 189 and 190: 5. The pituitary body is a small -s
Page 191 and 192: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
Page 193 and 194: 13. During the first half of the me
Page 195 and 196: MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
Page 197 and 198: 11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
Page 199 and 200: a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202: system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206: d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208: Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210: (1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212: (4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214: organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216: (2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
Page 217 and 218: 11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
Page 219 and 220: c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221: (5) Iris. Another structure formed
Page 225 and 226: 11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228: Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
Page 229 and 230: 11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
Page 231 and 232: f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
Page 233 and 234: 7. Each item below refers to the th
Page 235 and 236: 18. Groups of related functions are
Page 237 and 238: 30. If it carries information from
Page 239 and 240: 46. Name examples of general senses
Page 241 and 242: 61. The orbit is the cavity in the
Page 243 and 244: 73. The central column of the cochl
Page 245 and 246: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
Page 247 and 248: 19. The ventricles of the brain are
Page 249 and 250: 34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
Page 251 and 252: 52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
Page 253 and 254: ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
Page 255: COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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