md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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62. Examples of the adnexa are the: a. Extrinsic ocular muscles. b. Eyelids. c. Lacrimal apparatus. d. Eyebrow. e. Optic nerve. (para 11-29) 63. Of the six extrinsic ocular muscles, four are called recti muscles. Two are oblique muscles. The lateral rectus M. is on the outer side of the eyeball. The superior rectus M. is above the eyeball. The medial rectus M. is on the inner side of the eyeball. The inferior rectus M. is below the eyeball. The superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles approach the eyeball from the medial side. (para 11-29a) 64. Attached to the margins of the orbit are the upper and lower eyelids. These have special hairs called eyelashes. The inner lining of the eyelids is continuous with the conjunctiva, a membrane over the anterior surface of the eyeball. (para 11-29b) 65. In the upper outer corner of the orbit is a lacrimal gland, which secretes a lacrimal fluid, which is ultimately collected and delivered into the nasal chamber by the nasolacrimal duct. (para 11-29c) 66. Neurons carry information from the photoreceptors located in the nervous retina. They leave the eyeball at the blind spot. Passing to the rear of the orbit, the neurons now belong to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II). The optic nerve enters the cranial cavity by passing through the optic canal. Beneath the brain, the optic nerves from both sides join to form the optic chiasma, in which half of the neurons from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side. From the optic chiasma, the right and left optic tracts proceed to the brain proper. (para 11-29e) 67. The human ear has two major special sensory functions: hearing (auditory) and equilibrium (balance). The three parts of the human ear are the external (outer) ear, the middle ear, and the internal (inner) ear. (para 11-30) 68. The external flap of the ear is called the auricle (pinna). It directs airborne sound waves into the canal called the external auditory meatus, which extends into the temporal portion of the skull. (para 11-31) 69. The tympanic membrane is between the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity. On the medial side of the tympanic membrane, there is a space within the temporal bone called the middle ear cavity. The auditory ossicles are three very small bones linking the tympanic membrane to the medial wall of the middle ear cavity. The auditory ossicles respond to a sound stimulus by vibrating (mechanically oscillating). From the lateral to the medial ends, the names of the MD0006 11-59
ossicles are: malleus, incus, and stapes. The auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx. (para 11-32) 70. The bony labyrinth is a <strong>com</strong>plex cavity within the temporal bone. It has three semi-circular canals, a vestibule (hallway), and a snail- shaped cochlear portion. The membranous labyrinth is a hollow tubular structure suspended within the bony labyrinth. (para 11-33a) 71. The endolymph fills the space within the membranous labyrinth. The perilymph fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth. (para 11-33b) 72. The cochlea is a spiral structure associated with hearing. It has 2-1/2 turns. Its outer boundaries are formed by the snail-shaped portion of the bony labyrinth. (para 11-33c) 73. The central column of the cochlea is called the modiolus. Extending from this central column is a spiral shelf of bone called the spiral lamina. Connecting this shelf with the outer bony wall is a fibrous membrane called the basilar membrane. This membrane forms the floor of the spiral portion of the membranous labyrinth called the cochlear duct. This contains a structure with hairs, sensory receptors of hearing; this structure is called the organ of Corti. (para 11-33c(1)) 74. Within the bony cochlea, the space above the cochlear duct is known as the scala vestibuli and the space below is known as the scala tympani. Between the middle ear cavity and the upper space is an oval window called the fenestra vestibuli. Between the middle ear cavity and the lower space is a round window called the fenestra cochleae. (para 11-33c(2), (3)) 75. A sound stimulus is transferred from the stapes to the fluid perilymph of the scala vestibuli. In response, the basilar membrane of the cochlea vibrates. The hair cells of the organ of Corti are mechanically stimulated. This stimulation is transferred to the neurons of the acoustic nerve, which passes out of the modiolus into the internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone. From here, the nerve enters the cranial cavity and goes to the brain. (para 11-33d) 76. The two sac-like portions of the membranous labyrinth are the sacculus and the utriculus. They are filled with endolymph. On the wall of each sac is a collection of special hair cells known as the macula, which serves as a receptor organ for static and linear kinetic gravitational forces. The saccular macula and the utricular macula are oriented at more or less 90° angles to each other. (para 11-35) 77. Extending from and opening into the utriculus are three hollow structures called the semicircular ducts. The utriculus <strong>com</strong>pletes the circles for each duct. The three ducts are all oriented at 90° angles to each other. Where it opens into the utriculus, each semicircular duct ends in an enlargement called an ampulla. MD0006 11-60
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U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
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9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
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MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
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MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
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Material Furnished: In addition to
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
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terminology. Accountants have debit
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. Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
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Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
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1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
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d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
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5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
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15. In figure 1-6, three points are
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18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
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14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
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2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
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d. Functions. According to its loca
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. Types of Bone Tissues. There are
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Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
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8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
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3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
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3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
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3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
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EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
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16. The term serous refers to a . S
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13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
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MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
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Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
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4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
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14. The texture of the pancreas is
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10. The process of digestion is fac
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7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
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SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
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(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
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Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
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7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
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9. The functions of the supralaryng
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8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
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the cortex layer, it once again bec
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eginning of an embryo (the process
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(2) Wall structure. The inner linin
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Figure 8-5. The human male genital
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(1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
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8. The first coiled portion of the
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21. The external genitalia of the h
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19. The inner lining of the uterus
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LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
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(1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
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(1) The arteries carry blood away f
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(3) Relationship of wall thickness
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ecome closed for whatever reason, t
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Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
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Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
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a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
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5. The most common types of white b
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18. In the case of collateral circu
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15. The coronary arteries supply "n
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
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. The Endocrine System. In the huma
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e. Of the many hormones produced by
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hormones are involved in the mobili
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5. The pituitary body is a small -s
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
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13. During the first half of the me
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MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
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11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
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a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
Page 201 and 202: system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
Page 203 and 204: Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
Page 205 and 206: d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
Page 207 and 208: Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
Page 209 and 210: (1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
Page 211 and 212: (4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
Page 213 and 214: organ. The cell bodies of the secon
Page 215 and 216: (2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
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Page 219 and 220: c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
Page 221 and 222: (5) Iris. Another structure formed
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Page 225 and 226: 11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
Page 227 and 228: Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
Page 229 and 230: 11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
Page 231 and 232: f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
Page 233 and 234: 7. Each item below refers to the th
Page 235 and 236: 18. Groups of related functions are
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Page 239 and 240: 46. Name examples of general senses
Page 241 and 242: 61. The orbit is the cavity in the
Page 243 and 244: 73. The central column of the cochl
Page 245 and 246: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
Page 247 and 248: 19. The ventricles of the brain are
Page 249 and 250: 34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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Page 255: COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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