md0006 - BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf - Raems.com

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1-1. DEFINITIONS LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY Section I. GENERAL a. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Often, you may be more interested in functions of the body. Functions include digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Physiology is the study of the functions of the body. b. The body is a chemical and physical machine. As such, it is subject to certain laws. These are sometimes called natural laws. Each part of the body is engineered to do a particular job. These jobs are functions. For each job or body function, there is a particular structure engineered to do it. c. In the laboratory, anatomy is studied by dissection (SECT = cut, DIS = apart). 1-2. BODY TYPES No two human beings are built exactly alike, but we can group individuals into three major categories. These groups represent basic body shapes. MORPH = body, body form ECTO = all energy is outgoing ENDO = all energy is stored inside MESO = between, in the middle ECTOMORPH = slim individual ENDOMORPH = broad individual MESOMORPH = body type between the two others, "muscular" type Ectomorphs, slim persons, are more susceptible to lung infections. Endomorphs are more susceptible to heart disease. 1-3. NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY a. Each profession and each science has its own language. Lawyers have legal terminology. Physicians and other medical professions and occupations have medical MD0006 1-2
terminology. Accountants have debits, credits, and balance sheets. Physicists have quantums and quarks. Mathematicians have integrals and differentials. Mechanics have carburetors and alternators. Educators have objectives, domains, and curricula. b. To work in a legal field, you should know the meaning of quid pro quo. To work in a medical field, you should know the meanings of terms such as proximal, distal, sagittal, femur, humerus, thorax, and cerebellum. 1-4. KINDS OF ANATOMICAL STUDIES a. Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye. You need a microscope. b. Gross anatomy by systems is the study of organ systems, such as the respiratory system or the digestive system. c. Gross anatomy by regions considers anatomy in terms of regions such as the trunk, upper member, or lower member. d. Neuroanatomy studies the nervous system. e. Functional anatomy is the study of relationships between functions and structures. 1-5. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the total organism. a. Cells are the smallest living unit of body construction. b. A tissue is a grouping of like cells working together. Examples are muscle tissue and nervous tissue. c. An organ is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs and the heart. d. Organ systems are groups of organs which together perform an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system. e. The total organism is the individual human being. You are a total organism. MD0006 1-3
Page 1 and 2: U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTE
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Paragraphs
Page 5 and 6: 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMP
Page 7 and 8: MD0006 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figu
Page 9 and 10: MD0006 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Pag
Page 11 and 12: Material Furnished: In addition to
Page 13: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 1 Introduc
Page 17 and 18: . Head and Neck. The brain, eyes, e
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1-2. Anatomical position and
Page 21 and 22: 1-11. NAMES a. Names are chosen to
Page 23 and 24: d. Mitochondria (Plural). Mitochond
Page 25 and 26: 5. What is a cell? 6. What is a tis
Page 27 and 28: 15. In figure 1-6, three points are
Page 29 and 30: 18. In figure 1-8, parts of a "typi
Page 31 and 32: 14. a. Midsagittal or median plane.
Page 33 and 34: 2-1. DEFINITION LESSON 2 TISSUES OF
Page 35 and 36: d. Functions. According to its loca
Page 37 and 38: . Types of Bone Tissues. There are
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-4. A neuron. Figure 2-5. A
Page 41 and 42: 8. Characteristic cells of fibrous
Page 43 and 44: SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 2 1.
Page 45 and 46: LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 3 The Huma
Page 47 and 48: 3-2. COVERINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Th
Page 49 and 50: 3-6. GLANDS The types of glands inc
Page 51 and 52: 3-13. BURSA a. A bursa (figure 3-3)
Page 53 and 54: EXERCISES, LESSON 3 REQUIREMENT. Th
Page 55 and 56: 16. The term serous refers to a . S
Page 57 and 58: 13. Sebaceous glands produce an oil
Page 59 and 60: MD0006 4-2 4-13. Describe the gener
Page 61 and 62: Section II. BONE AS AN INDIVIDUAL O
Page 63 and 64: 4-5. DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL B
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Example: The frontal bone. (The fro
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d. Capsule. The "typical" synovial
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(2) In the plane joint, the contact
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Figure 4-3B. Posterior view of the
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(d) The sacrum, which is a bony fus
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Figure 4-6. The human skull (front
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PART UPPER MEMBER LOWER MEMBER GIRD
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Figure 4-8. The human scapula and c
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Figure 4-10. The human hand. Figure
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Figure 4-13. The human foot. MD0006
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7. In the early fetus, bones are pr
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17. Name and define the two major s
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 4 1.
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19. The regions of the vertebral co
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5-1. MUSCLE TISSUES LESSON 5 THE HU
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Figure 5-1. Skeletal and facial mus
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a. Trunk Musculature. The trunk mus
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. Sesamoid bones, such as the patel
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EXERCISES, LESSON 5 REQUIREMENT. Th
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6-1. GENERAL LESSON 6 THE HUMAN DIG
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a. Teeth. Figure 6-2. Anatomy of th
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6-4. PHARYNX The pharynx (pronounce
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common bile duct. The common bile d
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EXERCISES, LESSON 6 REQUIREMENT. Th
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14. The texture of the pancreas is
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10. The process of digestion is fac
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7-1. INTRODUCTION LESSON 7 THE HUMA
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SUBDIVISION FUNCTION (1) SUPRALARYN
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(2) Oropharynx. The portion of the
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Figure 7-4. Infralaryngeal structur
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7-8. DIAPHRAGMATIC (ABDOMINAL) BREA
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9. The functions of the supralaryng
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 8 The Huma
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8-3. THE KIDNEY a. General. (1) The
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the cortex layer, it once again bec
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eginning of an embryo (the process
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(2) Wall structure. The inner linin
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Figure 8-5. The human male genital
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(1) Surrounding the urethra is a ce
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8. The first coiled portion of the
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21. The external genitalia of the h
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19. The inner lining of the uterus
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 9 The Huma
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LESSON 9 THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR A
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(1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes).
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(1) The arteries carry blood away f
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(3) Relationship of wall thickness
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ecome closed for whatever reason, t
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Figure 9-5. Main arteries of the hu
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Figure 9-6. Main veins of the human
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a. Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic
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5. The most common types of white b
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18. In the case of collateral circu
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15. The coronary arteries supply "n
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LESSON ASSIGNMENT LESSON 10 The Hum
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. The Endocrine System. In the huma
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e. Of the many hormones produced by
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hormones are involved in the mobili
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5. The pituitary body is a small -s
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 10 1
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13. During the first half of the me
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MD0006 11-2 11-12. Define periphera
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11-5. NEURON PROCESSES Figure 11-1.
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a. The Synapse. A synapse (figure 1
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system (ANS). The CNS is made up of
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Figure 11-5B. Human brain (bottom v
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d. Ventricles. Within the brain, th
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Figure 11-7. A schematic diagram of
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(1) Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of
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(4) Visceral motor neurons of the A
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organ. The cell bodies of the secon
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(2) Motor pathways. A motor pathway
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11-26. GENERAL Section IX. THE SPEC
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c. Internal Structures of the Eyeba
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(5) Iris. Another structure formed
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11-30. GENERAL Section X. THE SPECI
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11-33. THE INTERNAL EAR a. Labyrint
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Figure 11-14. Diagram of the scalae
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11-36. SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS (FIGURE 1
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f. Cerebellum. The cerebellum has b
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7. Each item below refers to the th
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18. Groups of related functions are
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30. If it carries information from
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46. Name examples of general senses
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61. The orbit is the cavity in the
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73. The central column of the cochl
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SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, LESSON 11 1
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19. The ventricles of the brain are
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34. In the ANS, the number of neuro
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52. The outermost layer of the eyeb
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ossicles are: malleus, incus, and s
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COMMENT SHEET SUBCOURSE MD0006 Basi
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