Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for ... - PART - USAID

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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserve 147 forest. Charapa turtle eggs are also actively sold in the Cuyabeno region-currently from unmanaged deposits laid on exposed beaches along the region's rivers. Each turtle lays 30 to 90 eggs per year, and each egg is worth about three cents. Capybaras, the fastest reproducer of the animals that the Departa- mento is planning to raise, produce between four and six progeny per litter and between 1.2 and 1.8 litters per year under natural conditions (Gonzhlez-JimCnez 1977:26). Each mature capybara weighs between 30 and 60 kilograms (Fundacibn Natura 1987:256-257). That means that, accounting for bone and other inedible parts, each capybara should be worth about $28 for meat alone, not counting hides, which are exported by some South American countries to Europe. Capybara hides are prized in glove manufacturing, because they stretch in one direction, but not in the other (Gonzhlez-JimCnez 1977:28). Cuyabeno Reserve staff members are now gathering data on the production requirements of other edible animals. During 1988, they are visiting animal production facilities in Peru, Colombia, and Ven- ezuela, and with the information they gather, they will begin construc- tion of production facilities inside the Cuyabeno Reserve. Conclusions The actual amount of income that Cuyabeno will eventually produce for local indigenous and colonist populations is still unknown. If we take Paucar and Gardner's calculations for the production of bushmeat and skins-produced both through controlled hunting and in semi- captivity-it seems clear that the reserve can generate a minimum of several hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. By contrast, we can look at land-use practices outside the reserve, where the common practice is to log the area, raise several years of maize, rice, and plantains, then dedicate the area to beef cattle. Colo- nists who sign contracts with lumber companies receive up to $78 per hectare to see an average of 15 commercial trees per hectare pulled out (Direcci6n Nacional Forestal, MAG 1988, personal communication). If the colonists then dedicate the land to food crops, then to cattle production, as more than half of them do, they may hope to receive an income of a few hundred dollars per hectare per year over the decade or less that the thin, tropical soils will produce. The colonists' alternative is to take part in the reserve's wildlife production systems, which promise-even at the lowest calculations- an income of $1,000 or more per hectare per year, in perpetuity. It is this temptation that the reserve's managers hope will draw in not just
148 James D. Nations and Flavio CoelIo Hinojosa the populations living on the borders of the reserve, but also those who live in the buffer zones around it. In providing this alternative economic system, the Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserve will gradually achieve its long-term goal of balanc- ing the requirements of biological conservation with the economic needs of local populations. In doing so, it will provide another important alternative for the fragile lands of Latin America. References Barrett, Suzanne W. 1980. Conservation in Amazonia. Biological Conservation 18:209-235. CLIRSEN. 1985. Levantamiento Forestal de la Regi6n Amazonica Ecuatoriana (Sector Norte: Provinicia de Napo). Centro de Levantamientos Integrados de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remotos. Direcci6n Nacional Forestal, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Quito, Ecuador. Coello Hinojosa, Flavio. 1985. Censo y Diagnbstico de la Reserva Faunistica Cuyabeno, Napo. Departamento de Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre, Direcci6n General de Desarrollo Forestal, Quito. CONADE/PNUMA. 1987. Proyecto Propuesta de Manejo de Recursos Natu- rales en la Regi6n Amaz6nica Ecuatoriana. Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo, Programa Nacional de Unificacibn y Manejo, Secretaria General de Plani- ficacibn, Quito, Ecuador. Direcci6n Nacional Forestal. 1988. Personal communication. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Quito, Ecuador. Fundaci6n Natura. 1987. Estudio para el Establacimiento de una Fundaci6n para la Conservacibn de 10s Recursos Bi6ticos de la Amazonia. Informe Final, Quito, Ecuador. Gentry, Alwyn H. 1977. Endangered Plant Species and Habitats of Ecuador and Amazonian Peru. Pp. 136-149, in: Ghillean T. Prance and Thomas S. Elias, editors, Extinction Is Forever. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. Gonz6lez-JimCnez, E. 1977. the Capybara: An Indigenous Source of Meat in Tropical America. World Animal Review. Napoli, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. Hiraoka, Mario and Shozo Yamamoto. 1980. Agricultural Development in the Upper Amazon of Ecuador. Geographical Review 70(4):423-445. Land6zuri, Helena. 1987. La Cuenca Amaz6nica: Argumentos en Favor de un Manejo Integrado. International Institute for Environment and Development, Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador. Melillo, J.M., C.A. Palm, R.A. Houghton, G.M. Woodwell, and Norman Myers. 1985. "Comparison of Two Recent Estimates of Disturbance in Tropical Forests," Environmental Conservation 12 (1). Myers, Norman. 1979. Islands of Conservation. New Scientist 83( 1 169):600- 602.
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
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Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
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Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
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Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
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Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
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Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Page 110 and 111: Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
Page 112 and 113: Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
Page 114 and 115: Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
Page 116 and 117: Production and Profit in Agroforest
Page 118 and 119: Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
Page 120 and 121: Production and Profit in Agrofirest
Page 122 and 123: Production and ProJit in Agroforest
Page 124 and 125: Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
Page 126 and 127: Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
Page 128 and 129: Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
Page 132 and 133: Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
Page 140 and 141: Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
Page 142 and 143: Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
Page 144 and 145: Sustained Yield Management of Natur
Page 152 and 153: Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
Page 154 and 155: Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
Page 164 and 165: Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
Page 166 and 167: Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
Page 168 and 169: Extractive Reserves Income Generati
Page 170 and 171: Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
Page 172 and 173: Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
Page 174 and 175: Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
Page 176 and 177: Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
Page 178 and 179: Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
Page 180 and 181: Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
Page 196 and 197: An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
Page 198 and 199: An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
Page 200 and 201: Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
Page 202 and 203: An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
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An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
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Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
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PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
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21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
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John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
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214 John M. Treacy water. In order
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John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
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218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
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220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
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222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
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224 John M. Treacy der population p
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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
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228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
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Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
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232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
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Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
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242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
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246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
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Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
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Arroyos and the Development of Agri
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
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A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
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Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
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Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
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Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
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Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
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Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
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Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
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Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
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Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
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Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
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Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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