Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for ... - PART - USAID

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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvian Floodplain 85 mercialization, monocultures are becoming the dominant form of land use. Weed control is a time-consuming task on the restinga baja. When water begins to subside, water-borne seeds and vegetatively propagating plants are left on the restingas. As they compete vigorously with the cultivars, one to two weedings are required prior to the onset of the next flood. The final activity on the bajo is called despejo, the slashing of unwanted species prior to the floods. The purpose is to assure that the sediments will bury the weed remains and that a clear garden will emerge in the following season. The events on the barreales and playas are similar to those on the restingas bajas, except for the shorter growing season. The mud and sand bars are dry for only five months. These biotopes are also unstable and the proportion of sand and mud changes every year in response to water dynamics. In spite of the drawbacks, competition for the ephemeral terrains is intense, especially on the barreales. Attempts to control barreal lands often lead to inter-caserio conflicts. It is the desirability of the barreales for the cultivation of rice that leads to such discords. Rice is the only crop in the region with a fixed price. In addition, subsidized loans exist for the production of this cereal. Such a credit-marketing structure, and the fact that barreales require very limited vegetation clearing labor, have led to the intense race to acquire the barreales. On the barreal fronting San Jorge, as elsewhere in the Peruvian Amazon, rice is grown monoculturally. The playas, on the other hand, are less sought after since their sandy soils are less productive, and despite their proximity to water table, capillary activities are not well developed and droughts do occur. This biotope is usually planted with peanuts, cow peas, and occasionally melons and maize, and its products are primarily intended for home consumption. Ribereiio Energetics San Jorginos produce a variety of crops, but their main emphasis is the cultivation of manioc and plantains that provides about 80 percent of the calory needs. Rice is the major cash crop, and only a small fraction of it is consumed in the caserio. Other items like maize, taro, beans, and fruit provide the rest of the dietary variety, along with forest and aquatic products. All activities related to agriculture, in- cluding deforestation with axes and machetes, burning of felled vegetation, planting with digging sticks, weeding with machete, harvesting with knives and machetes, and transporting with foot or canoe, are still done manually. Energy expenditure estimates for the chacras on the restinga alta, restinga baja, and barreal are presented in Table 2. It can be observed
Table 2 Ribereno Agricukural Activities and Energy Expenditures, San ~orge~ Restinga Baja Barreal Restinga Aka Manioc, Plantain Manioc, Plantain Rice Manioc, Maize Rice (Monte) (Purma) Activities hrswork kcal eq hrswork kcal eq hrs work kcal eq hrs work kcal eq hrs work kcal eq Undergrowth cutting 70 35,700 70 35,700 - - 110 56,100 60 30,600 Tree cutting 160 71,400 160 71,400 - - 109 55,590 90 45,900 Firing 4 1,200 4 1,200 - - 4 1,200 4 1,200 Secondary burn 210 88,200 210 88,200 - - 160 67,200 95 39,900 Planting 70 29,400 70 29,400 9 3,780 280 117,600 280 117,600 Bird scaring 180 46,440 - - 180 46,440 - - - - :c Weed removal 210 75,600 210 75,600 140 50,400 225 81,000 335 120,600 5," Plantain care - - - - - - 70 29,400 70 29,400 Weed slashing 140 58,800 140 58,800 70 29,400 - - - - Harvesting 280 117,m 240 100,800 325 136,500 3,450 1,449,000 3,450 1,449,000 Storage building construction 42 17,640 - - 42 17,640 - - - - Travel to field and crop transport 360 92,880 360 92,880 360 129,600 900 378,000 720 302,400 Total 1,706 634,060 1,464 553,980 1,126 413,760 5,308 2,613,090 5,104 2,136,600 a Energy expenditure calculations are based on the following figures: undergrowth and tree cutting = 510 kcal/hr; secondary bum, planting, weed slashing, plantain care, harvesting, and storage building construction = 420 kcal/hr; bird scaring, travel and crop transport = 258 kcal/hr; weeding = 360 kcal/hr.
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
Page 48 and 49: Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
Page 50 and 51: Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
Page 52 and 53: Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
Page 54 and 55: Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
Page 56 and 57: Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
Page 58 and 59: Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
Page 60 and 61: nansferring Traditional Technology
Page 62 and 63: Transferring Traditional Technology
Page 66 and 67: Transferring naditional Technology
Page 70 and 71: Transfirring Traditional Technology
Page 74 and 75: Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
Page 88 and 89: Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
Page 90 and 91: Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
Page 96 and 97: Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
Page 114 and 115: Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
Page 116 and 117: Production and Profit in Agroforest
Page 118 and 119: Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
Page 120 and 121: Production and Profit in Agrofirest
Page 122 and 123: Production and ProJit in Agroforest
Page 124 and 125: Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
Page 126 and 127: Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
Page 128 and 129: Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
Page 132 and 133: Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
Page 140 and 141: Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
Page 142 and 143: Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
Page 144 and 145: Sustained Yield Management of Natur
Page 146 and 147: Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
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Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
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Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
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Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
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Extractive Reserves Income Generati
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Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
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Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
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Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
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Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
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Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
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An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
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An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
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Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
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An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
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Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
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Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
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PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
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21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
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John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
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214 John M. Treacy water. In order
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John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
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218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
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220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
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222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
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224 John M. Treacy der population p
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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
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228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
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Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
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232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
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Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
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242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
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246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
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Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
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Arroyos and the Development of Agri
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
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A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
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Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
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Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
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Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
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Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
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Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
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Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
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Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
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Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
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Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
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Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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