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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural terracing could be integrated into the conventional rep- ertoire of development techniques, which to date consists largely of improved crop varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, crop rotations, and access to markets. It is an appropriate complement to irrigation needed in many arid areas of the highlands, and could lend itself well to sensitive crops with good market prices. Terracing, however, is only a technology-a usefbl method for man- aging the environment to enhance agricultural productivity-and there- fore only one dimension of farming. Terracing is not an agricultural system in itself; systems have social, political and economic contexts as well as environmental ones (Brush and Turner, 1987). In order to appraise the role of terraces in agricultural systems, they must be placed within a perspective which includes local perceptions of utility and potential. Acknowledgments Field work in Peru was fbnded by a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dis- sertation Research Abroad Grant during 1985 and 1986. I thank Lourdes Izaguirre, Pedro Romero, John Earls and other members of PRATVIR for the opportunity to study and discuss terrace restoration projects. William Denevan, Clark Erickson, Kay Candler, Blenda Femenias, B. L. Turner 11, and John Browder made many helpfbl suggestions for the text. References Alfaro, Julio. 1986. Conservacibn de suelos y desarrollo rural en 10s andes peruanos. Pages 51-153 in Andeneria, conservaci6n de suelos y desarrollo rural en 10s andes peruanos. See Portocarrero. Altieri, Miguel A. 1983. Agroecology: The scientific basis of alternative agriculture. Division of Biological Control, University of California, Albany. Araujo, H. 1986. Civilizacibn andina: Acondicionamiento territorial y agricultura prehisphnica. Hacia una revaloracibn de su tecnologia. Pages 277-300 in Andenes y camellones en el Per6 andino. See Torre and Burga. Arledge, J.E., L. Chang-Vavarro L. and A. Vasquez V. 1985. Manual tCcnico de conservaci6n de suelos. Programa Nacional de Conservacibn de suelos. Programa Nacional de Conservacibn de Suelos y Aguas en Cuencas Hid- rogrhficas. Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima. Bonavia, D. 1967-1968. Investigaciones arqueolbgicas en el Mantaro medio. Revista de Museo Nacional, Lima, 35:211-294. Brush, S.B. and B.L. Turner 11. 1987. The nature of farming systems and views of their change. Pages 11-48 in B.L. Turner and S.B. Brush (eds.) Caviedes, C.N. 1984. El Nifio. Geographical Review 74:267-90.
Agricultural Terraces in Peru's Colca Valley 227 Cook, N.D. 1982. The people of the Colca Valley: A population study. Westview Press, Boulder. Cook, O.F. 19 16. Staircase farms of the ancients. National Geographic Magazine 29~474-534. Coolman, B. 1985. De la consultoria de la evalucaci6n del sub-proyecto "re- cuperaci6n y desarrollo de andenes y terrazas," PIRR-Puno, 1983-1985. Unpublished manuscript. Denevan, W.D. 1980. Latin America. Pages 217-244 in G.A. Klee (ed.), World systems of traditional resource management. Halstead Press, New York. . (ed.) 1986. The cultural ecology, archaeology, and history of terracing and terrace abandonment in the Colca Valley of southern Peru. Technical report to the National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society (manuscript). Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison. . and L. Hartwig, 1986. Measurement of terrace abandonment in the Colca Valley. Pages 99-115 in The cultural ecology, archaeology, and history of terracing and terrace abandonment in the Colca Valley of southern Peru. See Denevan (ed.), 1986. Donkin, R.A. 1979. Agricultural terracing in the aboriginal new world. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 56. Doolittle, W.E. 1984. Agricultural change as an incremental process. Annals of the association of American geographers 74: 124- 1 37. Erickson, C.L. 1986. Agricultura en camellones in la cuenca del Lago Titicaca: aspectos tkcnicos y su fbturo. Pages 331-350 in Andenes y camellones in el Ped andino. See Torre and Burga. Femenias, Blenda. 1987. Regional dress of Colca Valley, Peru: A dynamic tradition. Paper presented at the Symposium on Costume as Communication: Current Issues in Ethnographic Cloth and Costume for Middle America and the Central Andes of South America, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, RI. Field, C. 1966. A reconnaissance of southern Andean agricultural terracing. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Guillet, David. 1986. Paleotecnolgias hidra~licas en el altiplano peruano y su potencial econ6mico. Amtrica Indigena 46:331-48. . 1987. Terracing and irrigation in the Peruvian highlands. Current Anthropology 28:409-430. Lathrap, D. 1970. The upper Amazon. Praeger, New York. Masson, L. 1986. Rehabilitaci6n de andenes en la comunidad de San Pedro & Casta, Lima. Pages 207-16 in An&nes y camellones en el PerG andino. See Torre and Burga. Mayer, Enrique, 1979. Land use in the Andes: Ecology and agriculture in the Mantaro Valley of Peru with special reference to potatoes. Centro Interna- cional de la Papa, Lima. Mitchell, William P. 1985. On terracing in the Andes. Current Anthropology 26:288-89.
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
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Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
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Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
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Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
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Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
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Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
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Production and Profit in Agroforest
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Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
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Production and Profit in Agrofirest
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Production and ProJit in Agroforest
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Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
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Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
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Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
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Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
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Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
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Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
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Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
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Extractive Reserves Income Generati
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Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
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Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
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Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
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Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
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Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
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Page 188 and 189: Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
Page 196 and 197: An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
Page 198 and 199: An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
Page 200 and 201: Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
Page 202 and 203: An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
Page 218 and 219: Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
Page 220 and 221: PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
Page 222 and 223: 21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
Page 224 and 225: John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
Page 226 and 227: 214 John M. Treacy water. In order
Page 228 and 229: John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
Page 230 and 231: 218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
Page 232 and 233: 220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
Page 234 and 235: 222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
Page 236 and 237: 224 John M. Treacy der population p
Page 240 and 241: 228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
Page 242 and 243: Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
Page 244 and 245: 232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
Page 250 and 251: Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
Page 254 and 255: 242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
Page 258 and 259: 246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
Page 260 and 261: Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
Page 262 and 263: Arroyos and the Development of Agri
Page 264 and 265: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
Page 266 and 267: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
Page 268 and 269: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
Page 270 and 271: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
Page 272 and 273: A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
Page 274 and 275: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
Page 276 and 277: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
Page 278 and 279: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
Page 280 and 281: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
Page 282 and 283: Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
Page 284 and 285: Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
Page 286 and 287: Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
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Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
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Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
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Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
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Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
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Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
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Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
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Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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