Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for ... - PART - USAID

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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazonia Table 3 Agriculture Formations of the Kayap6 Village gardens 1. Household gardens 2. Swidden plots (Puru) 3. Successional plots derived from swidden 4. Grave sites 5. Marantaceae gardens on hill slopes (Krgi kam puru) Planting associated with travel 6. Trails between villages and gardens 7. Trails between villages 8. Hunting/trekking trails 9. Planting around old camp sites Forest planting 10. Natural ecosystem gaps (BA kre tl) 1 1. Man-made gaps 12. Plantations in mature forest (viz Euterpe, Bertholetia) 13. Fruit groves "in memory of the dead Cerrado plantings (Apse) Source: Adapted from Hecht and Posey (in press). cropping systems, crop rotations, crops with scandent habits, concen- trated tillage, direct additions of nutrients in the form of applications of ashes, mulches, residues, dung and enriched soils, complex coplant- ing, transferring forest litter, composting, and controlled periodic, in- field burning. There are clearly points of similarity in the Yurimaguas/ Kayapb systems in the use of crop residues, relay planting, nutrient additions and short fallows. However, the active "arsenal" of the Kay- apo agricultural system is much richer, and requires no purchased inputs. The Kayapb designate 14 types of land us as "agriculture" (Table 3). These various land uses are complex, and include ceremonial planting, reforestation, trek gardens, as well as swidden plots. The Kayapb practice concentric ring/crop segregation agriculture based on sweet potatoes, manioc, yams, and perennials, periodically intercropped with maize, beans, cucurbits, introduced rice, and numerous other minor crops and ritual plants. Kayapb swiddens stay in active root crop production for about five years and continue to contribute these prod- ucts at reduced levels for as long as eleven years. This is an exceptionally long production period before an agricultural plot goes into fallow. This protracted production period is a fbnction of a 8 main factors:
172 Susanna B. Hecht 1) A mixture of short and long cycle cultigens and cultivars; 2) Sequential harvesting and replanting; 3) Root crop cultivars well adapted to fire (including fire tolerant manioc, sweet potatoes, yams, marantaceaes); 4) Systematic, differential, periodic burning within the agricultural field for the entire production sequence; 5) Mulching; 6) Nutrient additions; 7) Agriculture structure; 8) Manipulated fallows. Informants indicate that concentric zones facilitate the creation or manipulation of in-field microvariability that "fine tunes" soil nutrients to crop demands. Considering the dominant physical and chemical properties of the regional soils, slight lateral changes in those properties can be strongly reflected in the growth and productivity of most annual and bienniel crops. Concentric field architecture permits the use of specific soil nutrient management techniques in a controlled manner. For example, the frequent use of in-field burning throughout the agricultural cycle requires that particular crops be separated from others to control nutrient additions, and to minimize fire damage. Mulch application, specific nutrient additions, soil aerating etc., can be more effectively practiced when crops are spatially segregated. Researchers should also recognize that there is a complex intellectual system that underlies the native management of soil resources, the ensemble of which ' is "ethnopedology." Ethnopedology includes the study of native land classification systems, management techniques and their variability, and how the practical and theoretical knowledge is developed, expanded, encoded and reproduced. Kayap6 land uses reflect the relative capabilities of soils and practical techniques of crop selection and soil management. Folk soil taxonomies are widespread (although generally underinvestigated) and tend to cor- relate well with discernable quantitative differences among soil types (Behrens, in press; Carter, 1969; Christanty, 1987; Conklin, 1957; Hecht and Posey, In prep; Johnson, 1982; Toledo and Barrera-Bassals, 1984). Crop genetic selection and experimentation is impressively widespread in Amazonia (Boster, 1984; Chernela, 1986; Kerr and Posey, 1984). An emerging body of ethnobiological work in Amazonia suggests that native populations developed complex systems of resource management that are ecologically sustainable, yield well, and generate levels of income that exceed the regional average (Anderson et al. 1985; Clay, 1988; Denevan and Padoch, 1988; Hecht and Schwartzman, 1988).
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
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Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
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Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
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Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
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Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
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Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
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Production and Profit in Agroforest
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Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
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Production and Profit in Agrofirest
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Production and ProJit in Agroforest
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Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
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Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
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Page 136 and 137: Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
Page 138 and 139: Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
Page 140 and 141: Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
Page 142 and 143: Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
Page 144 and 145: Sustained Yield Management of Natur
Page 152 and 153: Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
Page 154 and 155: Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
Page 164 and 165: Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
Page 166 and 167: Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
Page 168 and 169: Extractive Reserves Income Generati
Page 170 and 171: Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
Page 172 and 173: Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
Page 174 and 175: Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
Page 176 and 177: Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
Page 178 and 179: Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
Page 180 and 181: Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
Page 196 and 197: An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
Page 198 and 199: An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
Page 200 and 201: Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
Page 202 and 203: An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
Page 204 and 205: Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
Page 218 and 219: Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
Page 220 and 221: PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
Page 222 and 223: 21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
Page 224 and 225: John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
Page 226 and 227: 214 John M. Treacy water. In order
Page 228 and 229: John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
Page 230 and 231: 218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
Page 232 and 233: 220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
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222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
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224 John M. Treacy der population p
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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
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228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
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Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
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232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
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Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
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242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
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246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
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Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
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Arroyos and the Development of Agri
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
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A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
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Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
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Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
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Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
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Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
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Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
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Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
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Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
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Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
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Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
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Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
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Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
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Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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