Fragile Lands of Latin America Strategies for ... - PART - USAID

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Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table), 70 Mato Grosso state (Brazil), 62 Mauts (Brazil), 68 Mauritia jlexuosa. See Aguaje palm Maximiliana leaf mulch, 177 Maya, 22. See also Huastec Maya Mazama spp. See Deer Medicines, 70, 72, 107, 115, 117, 122, 132, 184, 188, 189, 196, 205- 206(table), 275. See also Amazonian rain forests, remedy products Melanososochus niger. See Cayman Melastomaceae, 274 Melons, 83(table), 84, 85 Mendelsohn, R., 63 Mesquites, 255 Mestizos, 75-76, 80, 114, 131, 186, 196 wages, 193 Meteorological satellite, 61 Mexican revolution ( 1910), 256 Mexico agriculture, 5, 6, 7, 182, 256, 261, 262. See also Arroyo agriculture cattle ranching, 255 coffee production, 189 forests, 182 fragile lands, 182, 251-252, 264 irrigation, 252 land reform, 198, 256 pastures, 182 rainfall, 183 raised field farming, 244 unemployment, 264 wetlands, 23 See also Farm forests; Huastec Maya Mexico City (Mexico), 1 Microclimates, 234, 241 Microcyclus ulei. See Leaf rust hngus Milk, 205-206(table) Milpa swidden system, 184, 185- 186, 190(fig.), 191 (tables), 196, 204- 206(tables) Milpesos, 275 Mining, 152 Minka, 242, 243, 246(n3) Miocene-Pliocene sediments, 77 MIRAD. See Brazil, Ministry of Agrarian Reform and Development Mishana (Peru), 63-64 Missouri Botanical Garden, 132 Moche-Chicama intervalley (Peru), 1 5(illus.) Mollisol, 216, 217 Monclova (Mexico), 262 Monocultures, 2, 4, 6, 65, 75, 85, 104, 108 Monte, 78, 86(table), 93 Morales, R., 275 Moran, E.F., 29 Morona Santiago Province (Ecuador), 145 Motelo, 78, lOO(tab1e) Mountains, 17(fig.) volcanic, 254 Mud bars, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83(table), 84, 85, 86(table), 87, 88(table), 91, 92, 93(table), 94, 101 (table), 104 Mulches, 50, 170(table), 171, 177 Murumuru, 1 17, 127- 128(table) Mycorrhizal associations, 197 Myrciaria dubia. See Camu camu Myrocarpus spp., 134 National Agrarian University (Peru), 233 National Council of Rubber Tappers (CSN), 150, 152 National Forestry Institute of Ecuador, 142 National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA), 69 National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) (Brazil), 152, 154 National parks and reserves, 151-152, 277 Nations, James D., 4 Nauta (Peru), 79, 80 Net present value (NPV), 64 New Guinea, 175 New York Botanical Garden, 62, 104 New Zealand, 214 NGOs. See Non-governmental organizations Nirio, El, 212 Nitrogen, 167, 175, 176, 183, 197, 216 nitrate, 254 NOAA-9. See Meteorological satellite Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 40 Non-usable land, 12 Noronha, Jose Ferreira de, 159 NPV. See Net present value Nutrition, 27, 87, 89, 189, 199 Nuts, 63, 66(table), 68, 80, 87, 93, 94 Oats, 2 18(table), 243 Off-farm employment, 34, 185, 194- 195, 261. See also Wage labor Oil wells. See under Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserve Oleoresin, 70 Omaguas (Peru), 80 Opuntia Jicus indica. See Prickly pear Oranges, 189 Orbignya phalerata. See Babassu palm Orchidaceae, 274
Oregano, 224 Overcropping, 232, 235 Owen, W.F., 48 Oxen, 135, 232 Oxisols, 87, 90, 169 Pacas, 140, 145, 146 Pachico, D., 46 Pachitea River, 131 Pacific coastline, 2, 5, 221 Paco, 94 Padoch, Christine, 4, 79, 82 Paiche, 94, 144 P6jaro bobo, 78 Palcazd River, 131 PalcazG Valley. See Central Selva Resources Management Project Palmae, 274 Palm heart. See Aqai palm, heart Palm oil, 275 Palms, 65, 274-275. See also Awi palm; Aguaje palm; Parlor palm; Peach palm; Yarina palm Palm swamp, 77, 78, 91, 96 Pampas (alluvial plain), 213, 215, 216, 232, 233, 234, 236, 239, 243, 245, 246 carrying capacity, 243 Panaillo (Peru), 91 Panamh, 277, 286(table) Panare Indians (Venezuela), 62, 63- 64(tables) Panic grass, 251 Panicum sonorum. See Panic grass Phnuco-Tamesi River basin system, 183 Papaya, 82, 113(table), 164- 165(table) Pad state (Brazil), 62, 64, 65, 68, 166, 169. See also Ilha das Onws Parlor palm, 189 Paspalum repens. See Gramalote Pastoralists, 2 14, 21 7 Pastureland, 130, 132, 139, 140, 151, 182, 186, 218(table), 232. See also Grasslands; Grazing; under Amazonian rain forests; Brazil Patrimdnio Foresta. See National Forestry Institute of Ecuador Paucar, Angel M., 145, 146, 147 Paucarpata (Peru), 224 Payaguaje, Froilan, 139, 140 Peach palm, 82, 1 13(table), 164- 165(table), 2 74 Peanuts, 83(table), 84, 85 Pears, 224 Peas, 215, 217, 218(table) Pebbles, 215, 217 Peccary, 94, 140, 145, 146, 174 Index PEPP. See Pichis-PalcazG Special Project Peppers, 107, 113(table) Peru agriculture, 2-3, 76, 81, 131, 211, 230 agroforestry systems, 64-65 biological diversity, 37, 38 cattle ranching, 131 conservation, 131 deforestation, 37-39, 131 desert, 15(illus.), 37 exports, 107 highlands, 16(illus.), 37 Indians, 130, 131, 137 land slides, 1 potato production, 5, 240 precipitation, 79 rain forests, 5, 14(illus.), 63-64, 65, 103, 132. See also Central Selva Resources Management Project raised fields farming. See under Huatta, District of terrace farming, 210-226 timber, 4, 64, 93, 134- 137 wildlife conservation, 38, 39, 40 See also Amazon floodplains; Yurimaguas Pests, 13(table), 95, 168, 234 Peters, Charles M., 63, 64, 65, 66 Phaseolus acutifolius. See Tepary bean Phosphorus, 84, 132, 167(table), 176(table), 177, 183, 254 Phytelephas macrocarpa. See Yarina palm Piassaba fiber, 66(table), 69 Pichis-PalcazG Special Project (PEPP) (Peru), 130, 136 Pigs, 156, 205-206(table), 243 Pineapple, 84, 87, 105, 107, 113(table), 164- 165(table) Piperaceae, 274 Pisciculture, 234 Plantains/bananas, 81, 82, 83(table), 84, 85, 86(table), 87, 88(table), 105, 108, 142, 147, 164-165(table) production, 91, 92, 1 13(table) Plantations, 21, 67, 68, 275-276, 282- 284(tables) Plan to Protect the Environment and Indigenous Communities (PMACI), 152 Playa. See Sand bars Pleistocene refugia, 141 PMACI. See Plan to Protect the Environment and Indigenous Communities PNCSACH. See Programa Nacional de Conservaci6n de Suelos y Aguas en Cuencas Hidrograficas
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
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Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
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Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
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Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
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Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
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Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
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Production and Profit in Agroforest
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Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
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Production and Profit in Agrofirest
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Production and ProJit in Agroforest
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Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
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Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
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Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
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Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
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Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
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Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
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Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
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Extractive Reserves Income Generati
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Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
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Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
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Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
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Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
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Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
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An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
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An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
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Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
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An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
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Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
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Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
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PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
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21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
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John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
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214 John M. Treacy water. In order
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John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
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218 John M. Treacy Table 1 Crops Pl
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220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
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222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
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224 John M. Treacy der population p
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226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
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228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
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Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
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232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
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Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
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Page 254 and 255: 242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
Page 256 and 257: 244 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
Page 258 and 259: 246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
Page 260 and 261: Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
Page 262 and 263: Arroyos and the Development of Agri
Page 264 and 265: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
Page 266 and 267: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
Page 268 and 269: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
Page 270 and 271: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
Page 272 and 273: A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
Page 274 and 275: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
Page 276 and 277: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 fami
Page 278 and 279: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
Page 280 and 281: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
Page 282 and 283: Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
Page 284 and 285: Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
Page 286 and 287: Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
Page 288 and 289: Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
Page 290 and 291: Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
Page 292 and 293: Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
Page 294 and 295: Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
Page 296 and 297: Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
Page 298 and 299: Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
Page 300 and 301: Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
Page 302 and 303: Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
Page 306 and 307: Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
Page 308 and 309: Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
Page 310: Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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