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Arroyos in Northern Mexico 265 family level. Large-scale, mechanized, and commercial production tech- niques may "save labor," but it also drives people off the land. Pro- moting small-scale arroyo agriculture has a human dimension that must ' be preserved (Luiselli, 1987: 339; Winder and Eade, 1987:376), and indeed can be at relatively little cost. In the process, the fragile envi- ronment of arid and semi-arid northern Mexico will be preserved. Acknowledgments This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundat ion under grant SES-8200456, and by grants fiom the Biological and Physical Sciences Research Institute and the Vice-president for Graduate Studies and Research at Mississippi State University, the Tinker Foundation through the Institute of Latin American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, and the Mellon Foundation through the Center for Latin American Studies at Tulane University. I thank Janis Alcorn, John 0. Browder, William M. Denevan, and B.L. Turner, 11, for their comments on an earlier draft. Notes 1. Arroyos are defined as arid land or desert streambeds that are usually dry but carry water in short-lived torrents after intensive rainstorms in the upstream portions of their drainage basins. The term is of Spanish origin and is used widely throughout Latin America (e.g. Monkhouse 196520). 2. A survey of the middle Rio Sonora Valley in the northwestern state of Sonora revealed that nine of 1,800 square kilometers, or 0.5 percent of the total land area, involved arroyo lands that are suitable for cultivation and only a portion are actually farmed. 3. To illustrate, each person requires an average of approximately 2,400 calories per day, or 876,000 calories per year (Kirschmann 1979233-234). At a rate of 3,400 calories per kilogram (Van Royen 1954:84), this requirement can be fulfilled by producing 258 kilograms or 0.258 metric tons, of maize per year. In exceptionally good years, a family of five should be able to live off approximately one hectare. In the poorest of years, however, no amount of land is adequate. Given the existing storage facilities, as well as marketing and banking opportunities, present-day arroyo cultivators in northern Mexico re- quire a little more than 0.6 hectare per person. 4. Paradoxically, Cuatro Cienegas was the birthplace of Venustiano Carranza, president of Mexico during the revolution and the person most responsible for the Constitution of 1917, article 27 which involved the break-up of large holdings. It is also a biologically important, and me, area with numerous species endemic to each of the cienegas.
266 William E. Doolirtle 5. Assuming conservatively that arroyo lands suitable for agriculture con- stitute 0.3% of the total land area, then across the 11 arid states that encompass 1.2 million square kilometers a total of approximately 3,600 square kilometers of currently uncultivated arroyo land could be brought into production in northern Mexico. Less than nine percent of the total land area of Mexico, or approximately 1 70,000 square kilometers, are under cultivation today. Accord- ingly, if arroyo agriculture was developed to its hllest, the total cultivated area could be increased by at least two percent with minimal impact on fragile desert lands. References Aguirre M., R., and D. Johnson G. 1981. Current status of the natural resources in the northwest of Mexico. Pages 24-27 in D.R. Patton, et al. (coords.), Wildlife and Range Research Needs in Northern Mexico and Southwestern United States: Workshop Proceedings. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Beckerman, S. 1983. Does the swidden ape the jungle? Human Ecology 11:l- 12. Cartas Contreras, C. 1987. The agricultural sector's contribution to the import- substituting industrialization process in Mexico. Pages 11 1-122 in B.F. John- ston et al. (eds.), U.S.-Mexico relations: Agriculture and rural development. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Chavez Padron, M. 1981. Ley federal de reforma agraria, ley de foment0 agropecuario. Editorial Porma. Mexico City. C6digo Agrhio de 10s Estados Unidos Mexicanos del 9 de abril de 1934, Diario Oficial, 12 de abril de 1934. Cooke, R.U. and R.W. Reeves. 1976. Arroyos and environmental change in the American South-west. Oxford Research Studies in Geography, Oxford, En- gland. DeBano, L.F., and B.H. Heede. 1987. Enhancement of riparian ecosystems with channel structures. Water Research Bulletin 22:463-470. DeWalt, B.R. 1979. Modernization in a Mexican ejido: A study of economic adaptation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Doolittle, W.E. 1983. Agricultural expansion in a marginal area of Mexico. Geographical Review 73:301-313. . 1984a. Agricultural change as an incremental process. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 74: 124- 1 37. . 1984b. Cabeza de Vaca's land of maize: An assessment of its agriculture. Journal of Historical Geography 10:246-262. . in press. Intermittent use and agricultural change on marginal lands: The case of smallholders in eastern Sonora, Mexico. Geografiska Annaler, Series B. Dovring, F. 1970. Land reform and productivity in Mexico. Land Economics 46:264-274.
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Fragile Lands of Latin America PN-
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Fragile Lands of Latin America Stra
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Contents Foreword, Thomas E. Lovejo
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Contents PART FIVE RESEARCH IN PROG
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x Thomas E. Lovejoy as the genesis
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Acknowledgments This book is a coll
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xvi About the Editor and Contributo
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pJ '-,, Mexico ' '-7 Research Sites
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2 John 0. Browder opment, and all t
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4 John 0. Browder Gow fbrther devel
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John 0. Browder Common Themes Three
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8 John 0. Browder Hecht, Susanna, B
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The Geography of Fragde Lands in La
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Table 1 Categories of Fragile Lands
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Plate 4 Coastal desert, northern Pe
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Figure 1 Map of mountains 1,000-plu
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Figure 3 Map of tropical forests (m
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The Geography of Fragile Lands Tabl
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The Geography of Fragile Lands 23 s
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Development of Fragile Lands: An In
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Development of Fragile Lands 27 pro
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Development of Fragile Lands 29 a b
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Development of Fragile Lands 3 1 Th
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Development of Fragile Lands 33 Ind
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Development of Fragile Lands 35 fra
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Development of Fragile Lands 37 was
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Development of Fragile Lands 39 Tra
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Development of Fragile Lands 41 wer
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Development of Fragile Lands 43 Pie
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nansferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring Traditional Technology
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Transferring naditional Technology
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Transfirring Traditional Technology
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Economic Prospects from Tropical Ra
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Agricultural Systems on the Floodpl
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Agricultural Systems on the Peruvia
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Table 1 Number of Riberefio Plots b
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Appendix B Soil Test Data, Selected
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Production and Profit in Agroforest
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Prodtccfion and Profit in Agrofwest
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Production and Profit in Agrofirest
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Production and ProJit in Agroforest
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Product ion and Profit in Agrofores
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Appendix A Santa Rosa Agroforeshy F
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Costs and Benejts of Floodplain For
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Costs and Benefits of Floodplain Fo
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Appendix A Species with DBH 2 5 crn
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Appendix B B. 1 Acai Fruit Output (
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Sustained Yield Management of Natur
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Cuyabeno Wildlife Production Reserv
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Cuyabeno WildlifP Production Reserv
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Extractive Reserves Extractive Rese
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Extractive Reserves 153 extraction
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Extractive Reserves Income Generati
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Extractive Reserves 157 Table 1 Are
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Extractive Reserves Table 2 Rubber
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Extractive Reserves 161 embodies th
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Extractive Reserves 163 Perspective
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Appendix A (Continued) Tree and Fru
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Indigenous Soil Management in Amazo
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An Economic Analysis oj- Huastec Fo
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An Economic Analysis 01' Huastec Fo
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Plate 1 A Huastec: farmer, walking
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An Economic Analysis of Huastec For
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Table 1 Main Characteristics of Hua
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Appendix B Value of Huastec Product
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PART THREE Strategies for Sustainab
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21 0 John M. Treacy would also curb
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John M. Treacy Land and Agriculture
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Page 228 and 229: John M. Treacy Terraces are invaria
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Page 232 and 233: 220 John M. Treacy ancient walls, a
Page 234 and 235: 222 John M. Treacy Table 2 Per Hect
Page 236 and 237: 224 John M. Treacy der population p
Page 238 and 239: 226 John M. Treacy Agricultural ter
Page 240 and 241: 228 John M. Treacy Morlon, P. B. Or
Page 242 and 243: Raised Fields and Sustainable Agric
Page 244 and 245: 232 Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Ca
Page 250 and 251: Plate 3 Young potato plants on rais
Page 254 and 255: 242 Clark L. Ericlcron and Kay L. C
Page 258 and 259: 246 Clark L. Erichon and Kay L. Can
Page 260 and 261: Clark L. Erickson and Kay L. Candle
Page 262 and 263: Arroyos and the Development of Agri
Page 264 and 265: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 253 Plat
Page 266 and 267: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 255 Plat
Page 268 and 269: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 25 7 uns
Page 270 and 271: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 259 lowe
Page 272 and 273: A rrqvos in Northern Mexico 261 rap
Page 274 and 275: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 263 The
Page 278 and 279: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 26 7 Doz
Page 280 and 281: Arroyos in Northern Mexico 269 Turr
Page 282 and 283: Developing the Choc6 Region of Colo
Page 284 and 285: Developing the Choc6 Region 275 and
Page 286 and 287: Developing the Chocb Region 277 sho
Page 288 and 289: Developing the Chocb Region 279 the
Page 290 and 291: Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
Page 292 and 293: Table 3 Preliminary Financial Asses
Page 294 and 295: Socioeconomic Analysis of Agrofores
Page 296 and 297: Abaetetuba (Brazil), 119, 120(fig.)
Page 298 and 299: Index Biomass, 27, 92, 135 Birds, 1
Page 300 and 301: Costa Rica, 277 ?in forest, 61, 134
Page 302 and 303: Index Green manure, 234, 241 Green
Page 304 and 305: Index Massaranduba latex, 66(table)
Page 306 and 307: Index Podocnemis spp. See River tur
Page 308 and 309: Index Seeds, 80, 82, 85, 94, 134, 1
Page 310: Index Ubu~u, 117 Ucayali River, 79,
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