novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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4.3 PRELIMINARY TRIALS 4.3.1 Testing BU Geometry The BU geometry in the dairy barn was tested in a series of static and kinematic tests, focussing on accuracy in the height component as this was the most difficult to achieve, yet the most important for the purpose of oestrous detection. MU position was tested in areas of good and poor signal quality, according to Figure 4.9, as determined by the HVDOP. Primary tests were carried out to determine MU orientation and which position, if any, was best, which could influence the backpack design. Two MUs were monitored in a short test for 20 minutes, one with the antenna in vertical orientation and one in the horizontal orientation, both attached to a pole. The MUs were swapped over in orientation and position and the recording repeated. Figure 4.10 shows 2 graphs highlighting the difference in error between unit orientations. It is clear that the vertical antenna positioning has less error, and a constant position, therefore it was concluded to use the MU in the vertical antenna position. Static Test: Vertical Orientation Static Test: Horizontal Orientation Height Time Figure 4.10 Graphs showing the best MU orientation; vertical antenna orientation has less erroneous spiking compared to the horizontal orientation Kinematic tests with an MU attached to a pole were also carried out by a person walking and moving the pole, to measure the X and Y horizontal positions, using the total station and 360˚ prism (also attached to pole) to compared to the exact position and UWB recorded position for accuracy. The sampling rate between total station and UWB are different (as described in section 4.2.1), but the results presented in Figure 4.11 show 92
that UWB is matching the ‘truth’ position of the total station within the optimal BU network. Figure 4.11 Kinematic test in optimal BU network showing X and Y horizontal positions; red = UWB, blue = total station measuring truth coordinates (NB: Due to the different sampling rate between the two measurements, these points cannot match each other one-to-one). Scale in metres Having developed static accuracy and accuracy of kinematic tests of X and Y positions, height accuracy had to be determined in order to finalise the suitability of UWB for oestrous detection. Primary static tests with a MU mounted on a pole were carried out within the BU network as shown in graphs of Figure 4.12. Positions of good and poor geometry were chosen to test the positional accuracy; in the centre of the barn and BU network, in the far corner which is of poor geometry where there was potential obstruction from steelwork and in the robotic milker which is a very enclosed environment (as discussed in section 4.2.1). 93
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
Page 57 and 58: 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
Page 59 and 60: physical activity and stage of the
Page 61 and 62: caused by the general environment t
Page 63 and 64: may be gained. This is because data
Page 65 and 66: In summary the objective was to for
Page 67 and 68: diet, with concentrates at milking.
Page 69 and 70: oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
Page 71 and 72: The interaction between parity and
Page 73 and 74: individual oestrus was not signific
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
Page 77 and 78: (361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80: oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82: the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86: population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
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the level of oestrous activity was
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technology larger herds must be mon
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monitoring could also monitor non-l
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antennae which could affect accurac
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predispose cows to illness e.g. met
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CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
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oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
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The final section of this thesis de
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ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
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provides an insight the potential o
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BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
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ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
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GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
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associated with embryonic survival
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ody condition at parturition on end
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Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
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SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
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Influence of negative energy balanc
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