novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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Table 3.1 SNPs on genes investigated for their associations with an increase in activity at oestrus Gene Name Gene Symbol/Variant SNP and Position Effects on Traits; Fertility and Reference (used in this study) Production Activin Receptor Type ACT_IIB_45 Highly polymorphic within intron Association with reproduction (Flavin et al., 1996) IIB ACT_IIB_46 ACT_IIB_503 ACT_IIB_86_END ACT_IIB_95 Oestrogen Receptor-α bERA_prom_SNP173 Promoter region, position 173 Oestrogens play a main role in (Szreder and ESR1 ex1 A503C Exon 1 A503C reproduction Zwierzchowski, 2004) (Szreder and Zwierzchowski, 2007) ESR1 Exon 8 Oestrogen Receptor-β bERB_ex4 Exon 4 bERB_ex7 Exon 7 Gonadotrophin Releasing bGNRHE_ex1_SNP_340 Exon 1, position 340 Associations with fertility (Derecka et al., 2009) Hormone Receptor bGNRHR_ex1_SNP_286 Exon 1, position 286 bGNRHR_ex1_SNP_421 Exon 1, position 421 bGNRHR_ex1_SNP_490 Exon 1, position 490 bGNRHR_prom_SNP_1189 Promoter region, position 1189 bGNRHR_prom_SNP_966 Promoter region, position 966 Luteinizing Hormone-β bLHB SNP1588 SNP1588 Fatty Acid Synthase FASN 16009a/g BTA19, 16009A -> G in exon 34 Milk fat content in Holstein (Roy et al., 2006) FASN 763g/c BTA19, 763G -> C in exon 1 Friesians FASN 17924 a/g Thr/Ala BTA19, g.17924A> to G (Thr -> Fatty acid composition of milk fat (Morris et al., 2007) Ala) FASN 18663t/c BTA19, g.18663T>C Fatty acid compositions (Zhang et al., 2008) 70
Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulating FSHR_L502L Leu502Leu Hormone Receptor FSHR_N669N Asn669Asn FSHR_S596S Ser596Ser FSHR_T658S Thr658Ser FSHR_T685T Thr685Thr Growth Hormone Receptor GHR Phe279Tyr Phe279Tyr in trans membrane domain Effect on yield and protein and fat percentage and protein and fat yields Affects feed intake, feed conversion and body energy GHRA257G ex10 Exon 10 A857G Associated with milk fat and protein yields Leptin Promoter leptin_promoter -963 C963T Milk yield, feed and dry matter leptin_promoter_1 -1457 A1457G intake Association with fertility, energy balance and protein yield Luteinising Hormone LHR_L490L Exon 11, Leu490Leu Associations with fertility and Receptor LHR_Q527H Exon 11, Gln527His production; affecting calving LHR_W467C Exon 11, Trp467Cys interval, days to first service and production index Neuropeptide Y npy_ex1 Exon 1 Associations to average daily gain, body weight and feed conversion ratio Neuropeptide Y Receptor NPYRY2 Y2 (Blott et al., 2003;Banos et al., 2008) (Kaminski et al., 2006) (Liefers et al., 2005;Banos et al., 2008) (Hastings et al., 2006) (Sherman et al., 2008a;Bahar and Sweeney, 2008) 71
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
Page 35 and 36: The secondary signs of oestrus can
Page 37 and 38: There are also changes in normal be
Page 39 and 40: engage in more natural behaviours i
Page 41 and 42: 1983). Exact explanations and mecha
Page 43 and 44: 2006) and disruption of LH secretio
Page 45 and 46: 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
Page 47 and 48: influence the ability of the ovary
Page 49 and 50: cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
Page 51 and 52: indication for the optimal time to
Page 53 and 54: calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
Page 55 and 56: 1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
Page 57 and 58: 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
Page 59 and 60: physical activity and stage of the
Page 61 and 62: caused by the general environment t
Page 63 and 64: may be gained. This is because data
Page 65 and 66: In summary the objective was to for
Page 67 and 68: diet, with concentrates at milking.
Page 69 and 70: oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
Page 71 and 72: The interaction between parity and
Page 73 and 74: individual oestrus was not signific
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
Page 77 and 78: (361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80: oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82: the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85: population owing to previous select
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
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oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
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P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
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Activity Activity Activity Activity
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5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
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averaged 70% which was lower than t
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when the cows lie down, especially
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the level of oestrous activity was
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technology larger herds must be mon
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monitoring could also monitor non-l
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antennae which could affect accurac
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predispose cows to illness e.g. met
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CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
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oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
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The final section of this thesis de
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ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
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provides an insight the potential o
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BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
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ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
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GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
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associated with embryonic survival
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ody condition at parturition on end
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Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
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SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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