novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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Table 5.7 Cows detected in oestrus in real-time by the automated script in order of date and time of onset of mounting., Onset of standing to be mounted for cows in oestrus is reported in real-time which could be used to identify the time for AI for optimal conception rates. Cow Number Date Time of Onset, mounting Time of Onset, standing to be mounted 323 19/01/2012 01:31:10 02:46:35 539 19/01/2012 01:38:08 02:51:47 320 19/01/2012 02:46:35 08:04:46 611 19/01/2012 09:14:57 09:34:57 424 22/03/2012 06:20:38 06:29:42 1 22/03/2012 06:29:42 09:56:29 123 22/03/2012 13:58:39 14:05:29 623 22/03/2012 18:47:43 22:38:59 313 23/03/2012 09:57:51 11:12:08 Table 5.8 Comparison of oestrus; maximum activity, duration of increased activity, duration of standing to be mounted, duration of mounting and maximum activity Cow Number Maximum Activity at Oestrus Duration of Sustained Activity Increase, hours* Duration of Mounting by UWB, hours** Duration of Standing to be Mounted by UWB, hours** Total Duration of Oestrus by UWB, hours*** 1 67 16 11.5 10.0 13.5 48 85 12 - - - 123 - - 9.0 11.5 11.5 313 90 10 1.5 1.0 2.0 320 86 14 10.5 8.0 13.0 323 87 14 10.5 13.0 14.0 424 83 12 9.5 11.0 11.0 533 133 10 - - - 534 119 10 - - - 535 102 16 - - - 539 85 14 9.5 11.0 13.0 543 69 16 - - - 611 83 10 4.5 5.0 5.0 623 67 10 9.0 9.5 13.5 Average 88.9 12.6 8.4 8.9 10.7 *Duration of sustained increased activity from baseline over the period of oestrus **Duration rounded to the nearest half hour from 1 st mounting/ standing episode to last mounting/ standing episode as recorded by UWB ***Duration of oestrus from first episode of mounting or standing to last episode of standing or mounting, rounded to the nearest half hour 122
P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentration, ng/ml 7 6 5 Cow 535 25 20 Cow 543 4 3 2 15 10 1 0 5 0 Date Date 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Cow 533 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Cow 534 Date Date Figure 5.6 Milk progesterone profiles from POC 1 of cows in oestrus. Progesterone concentration (ng/ml) plotted against date; cow 535, 543, 533 and 534 were all synchronised to come into oestrus shown by high progesterone 123 concentration which declines thereafter, showing when the cow is in a physiological state to enter into oestrus
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
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population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 141 and 142: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188: ody condition at parturition on end
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Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
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SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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