novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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TUCKER, C. B., WEARY, D. M. & FRASER, D. (2004) Free-Stall Dimensions: Effects on Preference and Stall Usage. J. Dairy Sci., 87, 1208-1216. TWAGIRAMUNGU, H., GUILBAULT, L. A. & DUFOUR, J. J. (1995) Synchronization of ovarian follicular waves with a gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist to increase the precision of estrus in cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 3141-51. VAN DER MERWE, B. J. (2005) Oestrous Detection [online]. http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za/portal/Publications/ProductionGuideli nes/DairyinginKwaZuluNatal/OestrusDetection/tabid/242/Default.as px [Accessed 10.11.2009] VAN EERDENBURG, F. J., KARTHAUS, D., TAVERNE, M. A., MERICS, I. & SZENCI, O. (2002) The relationship between estrous behavioral score and time of ovulation in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 1150-6. VAN EERDENBURG, F. J. C. M., LOEFFLER, H. S. H. & VAN VLIET, J. H. (1996) Detection of oestrus in dairy cows: a new approach to an old problem. Vet. Quart., 18, 52-54. VAN VLIET, J. H. & VAN EERDENBURG, F. J. C. M. (1996) Sexual activities and oestrus detection in lactating Holstein cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 50, 57-69. VEERKAMP, R. F. & BEERDA, B. (2007) Genetics and genomics to improve fertility in high producing dairy cows. Theriogenology, 68 Suppl 1, S266-73. VEERKAMP, R. F., BEERDA, B. & VAN DER LENDE, T. (2003) Effects of genetic selection for milk yield on energy balance, levels of hormones, and metabolites in lactating cattle, and possible links to reduced fertility. Livest. Prod. Sci., 83, 257-275. VEERKAMP, R. F., OLDENBROEK, J. K., VAN DER GAAST, H. J. & WERF, J. H. J. V. D. (2000) Genetic Correlation Between Days Until Start of Luteal Activity and Milk Yield, Energy Balance, and Live Weights. J. Dairy Sci., 83, 577-583. VIITALA, S., SZYDA, J., BLOTT, S., SCHULMAN, N., LIDAUER, M., MAKI- TANILA, A., GEORGES, M. & VILKKI, J. (2006) The role of the bovine growth hormone receptor and prolactin receptor genes in milk, fat and protein production in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle. Genetics, 173, 2151-64. WALDRON, M. R., KULICK, A. E., BELL, A. W. & OVERTON, T. R. (2006) Acute Experimental Mastitis Is Not Causal Toward the Development of Energy-Related Metabolic Disorders in Early Postpartum Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 596-610. WALKER, S. L., SMITH, R. F., JONES, D. N., ROUTLY, J. E. & DOBSON, H. (2008a) Chronic stress, hormone profiles and estrus intensity in dairy cattle. Horm. Behav., 53, 493-501. WALKER, S. L., SMITH, R. F., ROUTLY, J. E., JONES, D. N., MORRIS, M. J. & DOBSON, H. (2008b) Lameness, Activity Time-Budgets, and Estrus Expression in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 4552-4559. WALKER, W. L., NEBEL, R. L. & MCGILLIARD, M. L. (1996) Time of Ovulation Relative to Mounting Activity in Dairy Cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 79, 1555-1561. WALL, E., COFFEY, M., SIMM, G., BROTHERSTONE, S., STOTT, A. W., SANTAROSSA, J., FLINT, A. P. F., ROYAL, M. D. AND WOOLIAMS, J.A. (2003) Introducing a UK fertility index. Cattle Practice. WATHES, D. C., BOURNE, N., CHENG, Z., MANN, G. E., TAYLOR, V. J. & COFFEY, M. P. (2007a) Multiple correlation analyses of metabolic and endocrine profiles with fertility in primiparous and multiparous cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1310-1325. WATHES, D. C., FENWICK, M., CHENG, Z., BOURNE, N., LLEWELLYN, S., MORRIS, D. G., KENNY, D., MURPHY, J. & FITZPATRICK, R. (2007b) 176
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
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population owing to previous select
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Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
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3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
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was achieved. PCR products were rem
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3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
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fertility and oestrous expression.
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CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
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In summary UWB seems a good option
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Initial tests were carried out to i
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Therefore this demonstrates that X
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which is most important for achievi
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Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
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that UWB is matching the ‘truth
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mounting cow. For example height ch
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Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
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Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
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or that the cows were in an area of
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plane, but mostly in achieving high
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Develop techniques for analysis of
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in elastic silicone moulded over a
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and time of mount, duration of moun
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observed matched with increases in
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5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
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Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
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Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
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Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
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oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
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P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 141 and 142: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188: ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190: Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191: SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
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