novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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cypionate in a presynchronized timed artificial insemination program for lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 122-131. PAPE-ZAMBITO, D. A., MAGLIARO, A. L. & KENSINGER, R. S. (2007) Concentrations of 17β-Estradiol in Holstein Whole Milk. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 3308-3313. PECSOK, S. R., MCGILLIARD, M. L. & NEBEL, R. L. (1994) Conception Rates. 1. Derivation and Estimates for Effects of Estrus Detection on Cow Profitability. J. Dairy Sci., 77, 3008-3015. PERALTA, O. A., PEARSON, R. E. & NEBEL, R. L. (2005) Comparison of three estrus detection systems during summer in a large commercial dairy herd. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 87, 59-72. PERRY, R. C., CORAH, L. R., KIRACOFE, G. H., STEVENSON, J. S. & BEAL, W. E. (1991) Endocrine changes and ultrasonography of ovaries in suckled beef cows during resumption of postpartum estrous cycles. J. Anim. Sci., 69, 2548-2555. PETERS, A. & LAMMING, E. (1983) Hormone patterns and reproduction in cattle. In Practice, 5, 153-8. PETERSSON, K. J., BERGLUND, B., STRANDBERG, E., GUSTAFSSON, H., FLINT, A. P. F., WOOLLIAMS, J. A. & ROYAL, M. D. (2007) Genetic Analysis of Postpartum Measures of Luteal Activity in Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 427-434. PFAFF, D. (2005) Hormone-driven mechanisms in the central nervous system facilitate the analysis of mammalian behaviours. J. Endocrinol., 184, 447-53. PFAFF, D. W., KOW, L. M., LOOSE, M. D. & FLANAGAN-CATO, L. M. (2008) Reverse engineering the lordosis behavior circuit. Horm. Behav., 54, 347-354. PHILIPSSON, J. & LINDHÉ, B. (2003) Experiences of including reproduction and health traits in Scandinavian dairy cattle breeding programmes. Livest. Prod. Sci., 83, 99-112. PHILLIPS, C. J. C. & SCHOFIELD, S. A. (1990) The Effect of Environment and Stage of the Estrous-Cycle on the Behavior of Dairy-Cows. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 27, 21-31. PICCIONE, G., CAOLA, G. & REFINETTI, R. (2003) Daily and estrous rhythmicity of body temperature in domestic cattle. BMC Physiol., 3, 7. PLASSE, D., WARNICK, A. C. & KOGER, M. (1970) Reproductive Behavior of Bos Indicus Females in a Subtropical Environment. IV. Length of Estrous Cycle, duration of Estrus, Time of Ovulation, Fertilization and Embryo Survival in Grade Brahman Heifers. J. Anim. Sci., 30, 63-72. PRYCE, J. E., ROYAL, M. D., GARNSWORTHY, P. C. & MAO, I. L. (2004) Fertility in the high-producing dairy cow. Livest. Prod. Sci., 86, 125- 135. PURSLEY, J. R. & MARTINS, J. O. P. N. (2012) Impact of circulating concentrations of progesterone and antral age of the ovulatory follicle on fertility of high-producing lactating dairy cows. Reprod. Fert. Dev., 24, 267-271. PURSLEY, J. R., MEE, M. O. & WILTBANK, M. C. (1995) Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF 2α and GnRH. Theriogenology, 44, 915-923. PURSLEY, R. J., SILCOX, R. W. & WILTBANK, M. C. (1998) Effect of Time of Artificial Insemination on Pregnancy Rates, Calving Rates, Pregnancy Loss, and Gender Ratio After Synchronization of Ovulation in Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 2139-2144. RANASINGHE, R. M. S. B. K., NAKAO, T. & KOBAYASHI, A. (2009) Incidence of Error in Oestrus Detection Based on Secondary Oestrus 172
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
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population owing to previous select
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Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
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3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
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was achieved. PCR products were rem
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3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
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fertility and oestrous expression.
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CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
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In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102:
Initial tests were carried out to i
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Therefore this demonstrates that X
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which is most important for achievi
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Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
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that UWB is matching the ‘truth
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mounting cow. For example height ch
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Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
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Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
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or that the cows were in an area of
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plane, but mostly in achieving high
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Develop techniques for analysis of
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in elastic silicone moulded over a
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and time of mount, duration of moun
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observed matched with increases in
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5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
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Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
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Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
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Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138: oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187: ody condition at parturition on end
Page 191 and 192: SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194: Influence of negative energy balanc
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