novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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Automated analysis of oestrous behaviour provided quantitative information about oestrus (Table 5.8). Average duration of oestrus as determined by UWB was 8.4 hours mounting and 8.9 hours standing to be mounted, with a strong positive correlation (r=0.88) between these behaviours for individual cows. These results also show that mounting began before standing behaviour and ended earlier. Total duration of oestrus differed between cows and ranged from 2.0 hours to 14.0 hours, averaging 10.7 hours. Duration of oestrus reported by UWB is shorter than the average duration of sustained increased activity, 12.6 hours. However the duration of increased activity is more consistent between individual cows ranging from 10 to 16 hours, but maximum activity at oestrus had a wide range from 67 to 133 activity units. Duration of increased activity and maximum activity bore no relationship to each other (r=-0.14), nor did maximum activity at oestrus and duration of total oestrus (r=-0.45). 5.3.1 Milk Progesterone Concentration Profiles The daily progesterone concentrations in milk throughout the trials are reported in Figures 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8, from POC 1, POC 2 and POC 3, respectively. In all cows synchronised with CIDRs the progesterone concentration increased upon insertion and declined steadily thereafter, declining rapidly upon CIDR removal to
oestrus and oestrus it is clear to see that for each cow displaying overt oestrus (standing and mounting behaviour; confirmed by visual observation) there was a definite peak of increased activity above baseline. It is also clear to see that each cow had a different level of activity increase at oestrus ranging from 67 to 133 activity units (Table 5.8). Synchronised cows that did not display oestrus but had low progesterone concentration did not have a peak in activity. It is also worth noting several points of increased activity that were not associated with oestrus. A number of the small peaks were related to routine management tasks such as foot trimming (Figure 5.11; small peaks noticeable for all 8 cows nearing the end of the trial) and handling of cows at the beginning of trials when backpack training. Table 5.5 Number of mounts declared by the script per day from POC 2 Cow 48 539 320 323 611 516 292 620 Total Number Monday 1 1 2 Tuesday 1 1 Wednesday 1 1 2 Thursday 29 89 18 36 1 173(97)* Friday 3 2 7 12 Saturday 1 1 2 Sunday 1 2 3 NB Cow 539, 320, 323 and 611 were all in oestrus on Thursday Table 5.6 Number of mounts declared by the script per day in POC 3 Cow Number 1 123 313 424 623 127 38 106 Total Monday 1 1 2 Tuesday 2 1 1 1 1 4 10 Wednesday 1 3 2 1 4 1 3 15 Thursday 24 30 14 10 2 1 81(42)* Friday 7 14 16 3 40(20)* Saturday 5 1 1 2 9 Sunday 2 3 2 2 9 NB Cow 1, 123, 313, 424 and 623 were all in oestrus on either Thursday or Friday or both days *Total number of mounts detected, followed by the actual number on that day in brackets 121
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NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........
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5.3 RESULTS .......................
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Furthermore, automated software was
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
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CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
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the past 50 years and duration of o
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Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
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ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
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calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
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al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
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can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
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educes the incidence of problem cow
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oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
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The secondary signs of oestrus can
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There are also changes in normal be
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engage in more natural behaviours i
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1983). Exact explanations and mecha
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2006) and disruption of LH secretio
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1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
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influence the ability of the ovary
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cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
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indication for the optimal time to
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calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
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1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
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1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
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physical activity and stage of the
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caused by the general environment t
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may be gained. This is because data
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In summary the objective was to for
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diet, with concentrates at milking.
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oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
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The interaction between parity and
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individual oestrus was not signific
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Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
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(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
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oestrous expression with increasing
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the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
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CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86: population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88: Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92: was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94: 3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96: fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100: In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102: Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104: Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106: which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108: Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110: that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112: mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114: Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116: Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118: or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120: plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122: Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124: in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126: and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128: observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130: 5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134: Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135: Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 139 and 140: P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 147 and 148: Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 153 and 154: 5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156: averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158: when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160: the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162: technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164: monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166: antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168: predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172: oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174: The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176: ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178: provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180: BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182: ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184: GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186: associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188:
ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190:
Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192:
SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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