novel approaches to expression and detection of oestrus in dairy cows

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1.4.3 Milk Yield, Nutrition and Genetics ....................................... 27 1.4.3.1 High Milk Yield ............................................................ 28 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition ................................................ 29 1.4.3.3 NEBAL and BCS .......................................................... 29 1.4.3.4 Genetic Factors ........................................................... 31 1.4.4 Herd Factors .................................................................... 31 1.4.5 Cow Factors..................................................................... 32 1.4.5.1 Puberty ..................................................................... 32 1.4.5.2 Species and Breed ...................................................... 33 1.4.5.3 Parity ........................................................................ 34 1.5 METHODS OF OESTROUS DETECTION ...................................... 34 1.5.1 Visual Detection ............................................................... 34 1.5.1.1 Behavioural Scoring .................................................... 36 1.5.1.2 Fertility Records .......................................................... 36 1.5.1.3 Synchronization .......................................................... 37 1.5.1.4 Teaser Animals ........................................................... 37 1.5.1.5 Heat Mount Detectors .................................................. 38 1.5.2 Physiological Changes ....................................................... 39 1.5.2.1 Hormone Concentrations .............................................. 39 1.5.2.2 Milk Yield ................................................................... 40 1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature .......................................... 41 1.5.2.4 Vaginal Mucus Resistance ............................................ 41 1.5.2.5 Rectal Palpation and Ultrasonography ............................ 42 1.5.3 Automated Technologies ................................................... 42 1.5.3.1 Pedometers and Activity Monitors ................................. 42 1.5.3.2 Electronic Heat Mount Detectors ................................... 44 1.5.3.3 Milk Progesterone Biosensors ....................................... 45 1.5.3.4 4sight ........................................................................ 46 1.5.4 Genetic Selection ............................................................. 46 1.6 AIMS & OBJECTIVES .............................................................. 48 CHAPTER 2 – Effect of Cow Factors on Oestrous Expression ....... 50 2.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 50 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................... 50 2.2.1 Animals........................................................................... 50 2.2.2 Data Collection and Analyses ............................................. 51 iv
2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ........................................................... 53 2.2.3.1 Statistical Analysis of Successful Conception .................. 55 2.3 RESULTS .............................................................................. 55 2.3.2 Effect of Milk Yield on Increase in Activity ............................ 56 2.3.3 Effect of the Interaction between Milk Yield and Parity on Activity at Oestrus .................................................................... 57 2.3.4 Activity Increase and Conception Rate ................................ 57 2.4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 60 2.4.1 Effect of Parity, Oestrous Number and Time of Year on the Increase in Activity ................................................................... 60 2.4.1.1 Parity ........................................................................ 60 2.4.1.2 Oestrous Number ........................................................ 62 2.4.1.3 Time of Year ............................................................... 63 2.4.2 Effect of Milk Yield on Increase in Activity ............................ 64 2.4.3 Activity Increase and Conception Rate ................................ 65 2.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 66 CHAPTER 3 – Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Association with Oestrous Expression ........................................ 67 3.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 67 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................... 68 3.2.1 Animals & Phenotypic Data ................................................ 68 3.2.2 Blood Sampling, DNA Extraction and Genotyping ................. 68 3.2.3 Gene Selection ................................................................. 69 3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Laboratory .................................. 73 3.2.4.1 DNA Purification .......................................................... 73 3.2.4.2 PCR ........................................................................... 74 3.2.4.3 DNA Clean Up ............................................................. 74 3.2.4.4 DNA Sequencing ......................................................... 75 3.2.5 Statistical Analyses ........................................................... 75 3.3 RESULTS .............................................................................. 76 3.4 DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 77 3.4.1 Limitations of Study ......................................................... 78 3.4.2 Implications of a Genomic Approach ................................... 79 3.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 80 v
Page 1 and 2: NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPRESSION AND
Page 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: 5.3 RESULTS .......................
Page 9 and 10: Furthermore, automated software was
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Hormonal
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Trends in
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ˚ ˚C μM 2D
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1 - Introduction & Literatu
Page 19 and 20: the past 50 years and duration of o
Page 21 and 22: Oestrus growing follicle (Staigmill
Page 23 and 24: ecomes the main inhibitor of FSH an
Page 25 and 26: calf at 40-50 days post partum; inv
Page 27 and 28: al., 2006). However, aged sperm hav
Page 29 and 30: can occur within 2-3 days, but if t
Page 31 and 32: educes the incidence of problem cow
Page 33 and 34: oestradiol, the LH surge and ovulat
Page 35 and 36: The secondary signs of oestrus can
Page 37 and 38: There are also changes in normal be
Page 39 and 40: engage in more natural behaviours i
Page 41 and 42: 1983). Exact explanations and mecha
Page 43 and 44: 2006) and disruption of LH secretio
Page 45 and 46: 1.4.3.2 Milk Yield and Nutrition Di
Page 47 and 48: influence the ability of the ovary
Page 49 and 50: cyclicity can be delayed if dietary
Page 51 and 52: indication for the optimal time to
Page 53 and 54: calving), 3) pre-breeding heat date
Page 55 and 56:
1.5.2 Physiological Changes Physiol
Page 57 and 58:
1.5.2.3 Body and Milk Temperature T
Page 59 and 60:
physical activity and stage of the
Page 61 and 62:
caused by the general environment t
Page 63 and 64:
may be gained. This is because data
Page 65 and 66:
In summary the objective was to for
Page 67 and 68:
diet, with concentrates at milking.
Page 69 and 70:
oestrus was defined as 3 consecutiv
Page 71 and 72:
The interaction between parity and
Page 73 and 74:
individual oestrus was not signific
Page 75 and 76:
Table 2.4 The effects of the intera
Page 77 and 78:
(361 vs. 578 points, respectively,
Page 79 and 80:
oestrous expression with increasing
Page 81 and 82:
the blood (Sangsritavong et al., 20
Page 83 and 84:
CHAPTER 3 - Single Nucleotide Polym
Page 85 and 86:
population owing to previous select
Page 87 and 88:
Table 3.1 Cont. Follicle Stimulatin
Page 89 and 90:
3.2.4 Sequencing of DNA in the Labo
Page 91 and 92:
was achieved. PCR products were rem
Page 93 and 94:
3.4 DISCUSSION The objectives of th
Page 95 and 96:
fertility and oestrous expression.
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER 4 - Development of a Novel
Page 99 and 100:
In summary UWB seems a good option
Page 101 and 102:
Initial tests were carried out to i
Page 103 and 104:
Therefore this demonstrates that X
Page 105 and 106:
which is most important for achievi
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 4.9 Horizontal - Vertical Di
Page 109 and 110:
that UWB is matching the ‘truth
Page 111 and 112:
mounting cow. For example height ch
Page 113 and 114:
Backpack 1 st put on in AI stalls E
Page 115 and 116:
Cows’ behaviour was assessed at 5
Page 117 and 118:
or that the cows were in an area of
Page 119 and 120:
plane, but mostly in achieving high
Page 121 and 122:
Develop techniques for analysis of
Page 123 and 124:
in elastic silicone moulded over a
Page 125 and 126:
and time of mount, duration of moun
Page 127 and 128:
observed matched with increases in
Page 129 and 130:
5.3 RESULTS Results demonstrate pos
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 5.2 Graph showing mounting b
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.1 Results from POC 2 showin
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5.3 Efficiency and accuracy o
Page 137 and 138:
oestrus and oestrus it is clear to
Page 139 and 140:
P4 Concentration, ng/ml P4 Concentr
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Activity Activity Activity Activity
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
5.4 DISCUSSION The aim of this work
Page 155 and 156:
averaged 70% which was lower than t
Page 157 and 158:
when the cows lie down, especially
Page 159 and 160:
the level of oestrous activity was
Page 161 and 162:
technology larger herds must be mon
Page 163 and 164:
monitoring could also monitor non-l
Page 165 and 166:
antennae which could affect accurac
Page 167 and 168:
predispose cows to illness e.g. met
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 6 - Overall Discussion & Co
Page 171 and 172:
oestrus, h 2 =0.27 (Lovendahl et al
Page 173 and 174:
The final section of this thesis de
Page 175 and 176:
ate. By using UWB in a commercial s
Page 177 and 178:
provides an insight the potential o
Page 179 and 180:
BLOWEY, R. (2005) Factors associate
Page 181 and 182:
ovine gonadotrophin releasing hormo
Page 183 and 184:
GINTHER, O. J., KOT, K., KULICK, L.
Page 185 and 186:
associated with embryonic survival
Page 187 and 188:
ody condition at parturition on end
Page 189 and 190:
Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy H
Page 191 and 192:
SHERMAN, E. L., NKRUMAH, J. D., MUR
Page 193 and 194:
Influence of negative energy balanc
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