TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS - University of Canterbury

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3 people' meant the Protestants; now it means the Roman Catholics. "7 When Catholics such as Daniel O'Connell. who championed Catholic rights. began to assert themselves then the term 'Catholic Ireland' became fashionable. The coup for the Catholic Church was to develop the equation of 'Catholic equals Irish' and thus 'non-Catholic equals non-Irish'.8 This change helped to build the myth of Irish Catholics being the only true Irish. Emmet Larkin. in his study of nineteenth century Irish Catholicism. noted that during 1860 The launching of a national agitation, the inaugurating of the Peter's pence, and the raising of a papal brigade by the bishops and clergy all resulted in the Irish people's thinking and acting more in national, and less in regional, terms. This energetic focusing on the needs of the pope, moreover, not only deepened that consciousness but intensified it in a way that made the Irish people even more aware of how very Catholic they were. What was thus being focused and strengthened, therefore, was not simply an Irish, but an Irish-Catholic consciousness, which was to have profound consequences for their future as a people. 9 By thinking in nationalistic terms the Catholics wanted self-determination and this heightened the sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants. I ° Cardinal Paul Cullen (1803-1878) also influenced sectarianism In Ireland. more than any other Irish prelate. As Foster suggests. Cullen was "a nationalist faute de mieux. given his anti-English. anti-Protestant proclivities and the temper of the times." II It was his Ultramontanism or papal absolutism. however. which shaped Ireland to conform with the desires of the Catholic Church. He strove to not only keep Ireland Catholic but also to separate the Catholics from the Irish Protestants. Desmond Bowen in his study of Cullen's influence on Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century argued that Much of Ireland's tragic history of sectarian bitterness and warfare since Cullen's time has been a result of his striving for Catholic religious and cultural ascendancy in the land. Ireland's Protestants, confronted with the seemingly ever-expansionist Catholic confessional society which 7 J.e. Beckett, The Anglo-Irish Tradition, London, Faber and Faber, 1976, p. 10. 8Donald Harman Akenson, Small Differences. Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants. 1815-1922 An International Perspective, Kingston and Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988, p. 134. 9Emmet Larkin, The Consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland 1860- 1870, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, 1987, p. SO. I OSee the following works on Irish Nationalism- D. George Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland, London, Canberra, Dublin, Croom Helm, Gill & Macmillan, 1982; Sean Cronin, Irish Nationalism A History of its Roots and Ideology. Dublin, The Academy Press, 1980; and Robert Kee, The Green Rag: A History of Irish Nationalism, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972. I lOp. cit., Foster, pp. 386-387.
Cullen had so assiduously nurtured, resentfully withdrew into a ghetto of their own making, fearful of assimilation. They had no choice but to think in sectarian terms if they were to withstand a religious and cultural authority which, by Ultramontane definition, could never tolerate their harmonious existence because they were professors of spiritual error. 12 Cullen's attempt to try and create an Ultramontane Ireland had far reaching consequences 4 for the Irish Catholic population. It meant that wherever they emigrated to, the Irish Catholic thought of themselves in terms of a collective Catholicism and as such sought to build institutions in which to insulate themselves against Protestantism and any other influence that might endanger their faith. This sense of separateness that Cullen cultivated intensified the 'sectarian divide' whereby Catholics and Protestants kept their distance. The ultramontane fonn of Irish Catholicism that was transplanted in New Zealand also gave impetus for a separate school system. This was a major source of sectarian tension as the Catholic Church in New Zealand sought to have their schools state funded. Catholic separatism was also evident in the formation of exclusive sodalities and of the Hibernians in New Zealand. Theological differences between the Catholics and Protestants were another source of division. The Catholic hierarchy believed that there was no salvation outside the Catholic Church. They identified the 'Church of Christ' as the Catholic Church which obviously excluded the Protestants. * * * The growing divide between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland resulted in increased sectarian tension worldwide. This thesis will analyse the nature of sectarianism between these two groups in New Zealand. This will be done by examining their respective Irish dominated institutions (the Loyal Orange Institution and the Hibernian Australasian Catholic Benefit Society- H.A.C.B.S.) and their ritual and symbolism which were an expression of sectarianism. The concept of sectarianism employed in this thesis encompasses both the" 'religiously' related segregation and attendant animosity within a society" and the "fonnation and maintenance of 'sect-type' religious groups." 13 This 12Desmond Bowen, Paul Cullen and the Shaping of Modern Irish Catholicism, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, 1983, p. 299. 13Paul T. Phillips, The Sectarian Spirit: Sectarianism, Society, and Politics in Victorian Cotton Towns, Toronto, Buffalo, London, University of Toronto Press, 1982, p. 3.
Page 1 and 2: TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS: OR
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Tables Abbreviations
Page 5 and 6: ii ABBREVIATIONS A.1.H.R. Appendice
Page 7 and 8: iv ABSTRACT This thesis is a social
Page 9: 2 Ulster was greatly influenced by
Page 13 and 14: 6 family. To further his argument h
Page 15 and 16: 8 migrants. 24 As there was no long
Page 17 and 18: disruption, and political frustrati
Page 19 and 20: 12 The Irish Protestants as a group
Page 21 and 22: 14 In Chapters 2 and 3 the L.O.I. a
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. 16 "WE WILL MAINTAIN": O
Page 25 and 26: 18 organizations. The corporate sen
Page 27 and 28: 20 Even though the Peep O'Day Boys
Page 29 and 30: 22 lodges were responsible to one I
Page 31 and 32: 24 environment and his homeland. Fe
Page 33 and 34: 26 Further changes to the clarity o
Page 35 and 36: 28 The Black lodges were founded in
Page 37 and 38: 30 manner. .,59 The lodge referred
Page 39 and 40: 32 The Orange cause is booming stro
Page 41 and 42: 34 achieved in the United States of
Page 43 and 44: 36 A sense of the numerical presenc
Page 45 and 46: 38 supporters. 85 This episode illu
Page 47 and 48: 40 The Orangemen did indeed assert
Page 49 and 50: 42 required. IOI There was also a D
Page 51 and 52: 44 The L.O.I. and the H.A.C.B.S. we
Page 53 and 54: "Robin Hood and his merrie men."9 T
Page 55 and 56: 48 the avowed aims of the Defenders
Page 57 and 58: 50 have any secret passwords or sig
Page 59 and 60: 52 deputies elected by District Boa
Page 61 and 62:
Friend, having exprcssed your willi
Page 63 and 64:
56 New Zealand Tablet in 1873 the H
Page 65 and 66:
58 reinforced the importance of the
Page 67 and 68:
60 The Catholic Church interfered i
Page 69 and 70:
62 march alone, (they marched with
Page 71 and 72:
64 importance.3 The ritual parade e
Page 73 and 74:
66 North Island which developed the
Page 75 and 76:
68 Orange-Nassau. Orange was a prin
Page 77 and 78:
70 In Auckland on St Patrick's Day,
Page 79 and 80:
72 such as these were part of the a
Page 81 and 82:
74 march through main streets, besi
Page 83 and 84:
76 effective. 31 The Orange Institu
Page 85 and 86:
increased sectarian tension between
Page 87 and 88:
80 flow. The Irish were only 3.5% o
Page 89 and 90:
again, nativism was prevalent and a
Page 91 and 92:
84 and priestly life. The L.O.I. in
Page 93 and 94:
86 A common theme in these two issu
Page 95 and 96:
88 situation and the married men on
Page 97 and 98:
90 enduring attachment to their pri
Page 99 and 100:
total abstinence pledge. Also among
Page 101 and 102:
the Presbyterian Church."60 This wa
Page 103 and 104:
96 Master of the Orange Lodge. 69 T
Page 105 and 106:
like 'helpless victims adorned for
Page 107 and 108:
100 that he had never been there. C
Page 109 and 110:
who managed to gather sizeable audi
Page 111 and 112:
104 1900, 200 pamphlets expOSIng th
Page 113 and 114:
106 of the running sores of bigotry
Page 115 and 116:
Protestantism. 108 Shepherd's main
Page 117 and 118:
110 many Protestants who had Cathol
Page 119 and 120:
112 was given full attention by the
Page 121 and 122:
New Zealand also had its own instit
Page 123 and 124:
116 The L.O.1. did not have much su
Page 125 and 126:
118 Anti-Catholicism was transporte
Page 127 and 128:
120 the pursuit of solidarity withi
Page 129 and 130:
C Rituals and Laws of the L.O.I. an
Page 131 and 132:
! 124 CHINIQUY, Charles, Forty Year
Page 133 and 134:
126 CRONIN, Sean, Irish Nationalism
Page 135 and 136:
128 KEALEY, Gregory S., Toronto Wor
Page 137 and 138:
130 B Articles. ANON., 'Hibernian C
Page 139:
133 MOORES, Harold S., 'The Rise of
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