TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS - University of Canterbury

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Chapter 5. 79 THE TOURING PREACHERS: CONFLICf AND CONTROVERSY The anti-Catholicism as expressed in the Orange parades, was entrenched in Protestant thought by the continual ideological and physical struggles that had occurred since the Reformation. This anti-Catholic sentiment persisted into the nineteenth century despite significant advances by Catholics in abolishing most of the penal legislation against them and the landmark Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Despite these achievements there was the continual threat of popular mob violence directed towards Catholics and this gained momentum between 1840 and 1870. The amount of anti-Catholic literature increased in the 1850s and by the 18608 riots were occurring although these tended to be localized and not a part of any national movement. This anti-Catholic sentiment had some reinforcement from the traditions that were ingrained into English society such as the celebration of Guy Fawkes Day on 5 November. Edward Norman offers an example of this: Blessed Dominic Barberi, arriving in England for the first time in 1841, was surprised at the intensity of the Protestant tone: in fact he had crossed the Channel on 5 November and witnessed the burning of the Pope in effigy in virtually every place he passed through ... Children began their hatred early: it was the practice of Protestant schoolboys to stick pins through the eyes of Queen Mary in the illustrations in history books. I These images convey a deep-seated tradition of anti-Catholicism that often began in childhood and was continually reinforced through to adulthood. This reinforcement was especially helped by the fact that the celebration of Guy Fawkes Day was an annual event that could be used as a focus for anti-Catholic sentiment. The Protestant English felt under threat by the flood of Irish Catholic immigrants into England. This was a key to the resurgence of anti-Catholicism in the nineteenth century.2 In 1841 there were 419,256 Irish born residents in Britain and by 1861 there were 806,000. The Irish Potato Famine was the main contributing factor to this migration I Edward Nonnan, The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984, pp. 16-20. 2John Wolffe. The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain 1829-1860. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1991. p. 16.
80 flow. The Irish were only 3.5% of the total population in 1861 but they tended to settle in large groups in the urban areas. There were three main clusters of Irish settlement- Lancashire, the west of Scotland and London. The Irish formed a quarter of the population of Liverpoo\,3 The flood of the Irish in the urban areas brought with it all the social problems of disease and violence. It was therefore important to the Protestant English to keep their traditions alive and to reinforce the stereotype of the 'lazy, drunkard, and heretical' Irish Catholic. The English public sought to give a reason for the Irish stereotype by explaining that the Irish national character had a fundamental weakness. M.A.G. O'Tuathaigh sums up this view A stereotype of the brutalized 'Paddy' was fonned .. .intemperate, improvident, violent, totally innocent of any notions of hygiene, mendacious and undependable- not so much a lovable rogue as a menacing savage. The popular imagination had, in general, little time for reOection on the environmental factors which dictated the over-representation of the immigrant Irish on the poorlaw and crime lists, and in the alcoholic gutters. Weakness of national character was an easily accepted explanation. 4 The 'low Irish' who were the victims of prejudice were the immigrant working class Irish. The Irish professionals enjoyed success and were not hampered by their heritage. Notable nineteenth-century journalists such as Justin McCarthy and T.P. O'Connor ('Tay Pay') were Irish. 5 These anti-Irish attitudes cannot be considered as just another form of anti- Catholicism as many English Catholics were uncomfortable with the increased Irish influence on English Catholicism. Two factors that were important were class and culture. The English Catholics historically drew their leadership from aristocratic and intellectual circles. As a result, they were embarrassed by some forms of Irish Catholic piety. They also frowned upon the highly political nature of Irish Catholicism that fused both religion and politics. The English Catholics viewed these as separate spheres. 6 3M.A.G. OTuathaigh, The Irish in Nineteenth-century Britain: Problems of Integration', in Roger Swift & Sheridan Gilley (eds), The Irish in the Victorian City, London, Croom Helm, 1985, pp. 14-15. 4Ibid., p. 22. 5Ibid., p. 23. 6Ibid., pp. 27-28.
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TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS: OR
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CONTENTS Page Tables Abbreviations
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ii ABBREVIATIONS A.1.H.R. Appendice
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iv ABSTRACT This thesis is a social
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2 Ulster was greatly influenced by
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Cullen had so assiduously nurtured,
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6 family. To further his argument h
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8 migrants. 24 As there was no long
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disruption, and political frustrati
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12 The Irish Protestants as a group
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14 In Chapters 2 and 3 the L.O.I. a
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Chapter 2. 16 "WE WILL MAINTAIN": O
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18 organizations. The corporate sen
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20 Even though the Peep O'Day Boys
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22 lodges were responsible to one I
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24 environment and his homeland. Fe
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26 Further changes to the clarity o
Page 35 and 36: 28 The Black lodges were founded in
Page 37 and 38: 30 manner. .,59 The lodge referred
Page 39 and 40: 32 The Orange cause is booming stro
Page 41 and 42: 34 achieved in the United States of
Page 43 and 44: 36 A sense of the numerical presenc
Page 45 and 46: 38 supporters. 85 This episode illu
Page 47 and 48: 40 The Orangemen did indeed assert
Page 49 and 50: 42 required. IOI There was also a D
Page 51 and 52: 44 The L.O.I. and the H.A.C.B.S. we
Page 53 and 54: "Robin Hood and his merrie men."9 T
Page 55 and 56: 48 the avowed aims of the Defenders
Page 57 and 58: 50 have any secret passwords or sig
Page 59 and 60: 52 deputies elected by District Boa
Page 61 and 62: Friend, having exprcssed your willi
Page 63 and 64: 56 New Zealand Tablet in 1873 the H
Page 65 and 66: 58 reinforced the importance of the
Page 67 and 68: 60 The Catholic Church interfered i
Page 69 and 70: 62 march alone, (they marched with
Page 71 and 72: 64 importance.3 The ritual parade e
Page 73 and 74: 66 North Island which developed the
Page 75 and 76: 68 Orange-Nassau. Orange was a prin
Page 77 and 78: 70 In Auckland on St Patrick's Day,
Page 79 and 80: 72 such as these were part of the a
Page 81 and 82: 74 march through main streets, besi
Page 83 and 84: 76 effective. 31 The Orange Institu
Page 85: increased sectarian tension between
Page 89 and 90: again, nativism was prevalent and a
Page 91 and 92: 84 and priestly life. The L.O.I. in
Page 93 and 94: 86 A common theme in these two issu
Page 95 and 96: 88 situation and the married men on
Page 97 and 98: 90 enduring attachment to their pri
Page 99 and 100: total abstinence pledge. Also among
Page 101 and 102: the Presbyterian Church."60 This wa
Page 103 and 104: 96 Master of the Orange Lodge. 69 T
Page 105 and 106: like 'helpless victims adorned for
Page 107 and 108: 100 that he had never been there. C
Page 109 and 110: who managed to gather sizeable audi
Page 111 and 112: 104 1900, 200 pamphlets expOSIng th
Page 113 and 114: 106 of the running sores of bigotry
Page 115 and 116: Protestantism. 108 Shepherd's main
Page 117 and 118: 110 many Protestants who had Cathol
Page 119 and 120: 112 was given full attention by the
Page 121 and 122: New Zealand also had its own instit
Page 123 and 124: 116 The L.O.1. did not have much su
Page 125 and 126: 118 Anti-Catholicism was transporte
Page 127 and 128: 120 the pursuit of solidarity withi
Page 129 and 130: C Rituals and Laws of the L.O.I. an
Page 131 and 132: ! 124 CHINIQUY, Charles, Forty Year
Page 133 and 134: 126 CRONIN, Sean, Irish Nationalism
Page 135 and 136: 128 KEALEY, Gregory S., Toronto Wor
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130 B Articles. ANON., 'Hibernian C
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133 MOORES, Harold S., 'The Rise of
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