TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS - University of Canterbury

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19 protestantism and constitutional monarchy." 12 Hereward Senior, in his landmark history of Orangeism, noted that the "colour orange was adopted as a symbol of Irish protestant patriotism that became associated with memories not only of King William's victories but also with the earlier struggles of the 'protestant colony' [in Ireland], particularly during the catholic rising of 1641." 13 The foundation had been laid for the growth of Orangeism but the 'cornerstones' were not established until much later. The Penal Laws were enacted in Ireland on 7 September 1695. They were Acts restricting the rights of Catholics to education and to bear arms. There were further laws in 1704 to restrict the landholding rights of Catholics. R.F. Foster states that "Out of all proportion to their actual effect, the Penal Laws reflected Protestant fears and affected Irish mentality, creating a tension of resentment born of enforced deference ... "14 By the latter half of the eighteenth century "the rights of catholics emerged as the fundamental issue in Irish politics." 15 Due to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ulster in the 1700s, there was the potential for sectarian conflict. The 'Protestant Ascendancy' is a precise term to describe the political, social and economic power that a minority of Protestants had from the time of the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 to the Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829. Secret societies were formed on both sides of the Catholic and Protestant communities. In county Armagh, Ulster, these locally organized groups were the Defenders on the Catholic side, and the Peep O'Day Boys on the Protestant. The Peep O'Day Boys claimed that they were "enforcing the Penal Laws reneged upon by the gentry ... Defenderism was in one sense a 'defence' against this." 16 On 21 September 1795 these two groups clashed and this became known as the Battle of the Diamond. 12cecil J. Houston & William J. Smyth, The Sash Canada Wore. A Historical Geography of the Orange Order in Canada, Toronto, Uni versity of Toronto Press, 1980, p. 3. 13Hereward Senior, Orangeism in Ireland and Britain 1795-1836, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966, p. 2. 14 R.F. Foster, Modem Ireland 1600-1972. London, Penguin Books, 1989, p. 2m . I SOp. cit.. Houston, p. 9. 16Op. cil. Foster, p. 272.
20 Even though the Peep O'Day Boys were victorious, there was some alarm among the Protestant peasantry at the mobilization of the Defenders at the Battle of the Diamond. After meetings between different Protestant factions, the Loyal Orange Institution was formed. James Sloan, an innkeeper at Loughgall, County Armagh became the titular head of this fledgling movement. The Orange Institution that was formed was in reaction to the Defenders, and like the Defenders they adopted secret initiations and oaths more akin to Freemasonry. The comparison with Freemasonry, especially in the early years was an attempt to create respectability as many of the early Orangemen were members of Masonic lodges. 17 The Masons and the Orange Institution did have similarities but there were also notable differences. The word 'lodge', masonic titles and practices from Freemasonry were adopted by the Orange Institution. Catholics were excluded from both institutions but this was where the similarities ended. Freemasons existed for themselves while Orangemen tried to maintain the 'Protestant Ascendancy' as established by William Ill's victory at the Battle of the Boyne. Another notable difference was the aristocratic origins of Freemasonry against what was seen as the Protestant peasantry origins of Orangeism. 18 Yet according to Terence De Vere White "whenever Orange activities came in for criticism in the nineteenth centuryas they often did- a stock excuse was that the Order was as respectable as the Freemasons. Nobody ever questioned the respectability of the latter." 19 In the same manner as the Freemason the Orangeman had to declare oaths. The original oath of these early Orangemen was "I, .. . do solemnly swear that I will, to the utmost of my power, support and defend the king and his heirs as long as he or they support the Protestant ascendancy. "20 This conditional oath took many forms in the following years but it always maintained that Orangeism would support the monarchy as long as it remained 17Hereward Senior, 'The Early Orange Order 1795-1870', in T. Desmond Williams (ed.), Secret Societies in Ireland, Dublin, New York, Gill & Macmillan Barnes & Noble Books, 1973, p. 37. I ~erence de Vere White, 'The Freemasons', in Desmond Williams Secret Societies in Ireland, p. 52. 19fbid., p. 53. 200p. cit., Senior, Orangeism in Ireland, p. 2 1.
Page 1 and 2: TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS: OR
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Tables Abbreviations
Page 5 and 6: ii ABBREVIATIONS A.1.H.R. Appendice
Page 7 and 8: iv ABSTRACT This thesis is a social
Page 9 and 10: 2 Ulster was greatly influenced by
Page 11 and 12: Cullen had so assiduously nurtured,
Page 13 and 14: 6 family. To further his argument h
Page 15 and 16: 8 migrants. 24 As there was no long
Page 17 and 18: disruption, and political frustrati
Page 19 and 20: 12 The Irish Protestants as a group
Page 21 and 22: 14 In Chapters 2 and 3 the L.O.I. a
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. 16 "WE WILL MAINTAIN": O
Page 25: 18 organizations. The corporate sen
Page 29 and 30: 22 lodges were responsible to one I
Page 31 and 32: 24 environment and his homeland. Fe
Page 33 and 34: 26 Further changes to the clarity o
Page 35 and 36: 28 The Black lodges were founded in
Page 37 and 38: 30 manner. .,59 The lodge referred
Page 39 and 40: 32 The Orange cause is booming stro
Page 41 and 42: 34 achieved in the United States of
Page 43 and 44: 36 A sense of the numerical presenc
Page 45 and 46: 38 supporters. 85 This episode illu
Page 47 and 48: 40 The Orangemen did indeed assert
Page 49 and 50: 42 required. IOI There was also a D
Page 51 and 52: 44 The L.O.I. and the H.A.C.B.S. we
Page 53 and 54: "Robin Hood and his merrie men."9 T
Page 55 and 56: 48 the avowed aims of the Defenders
Page 57 and 58: 50 have any secret passwords or sig
Page 59 and 60: 52 deputies elected by District Boa
Page 61 and 62: Friend, having exprcssed your willi
Page 63 and 64: 56 New Zealand Tablet in 1873 the H
Page 65 and 66: 58 reinforced the importance of the
Page 67 and 68: 60 The Catholic Church interfered i
Page 69 and 70: 62 march alone, (they marched with
Page 71 and 72: 64 importance.3 The ritual parade e
Page 73 and 74: 66 North Island which developed the
Page 75 and 76: 68 Orange-Nassau. Orange was a prin
Page 77 and 78:
70 In Auckland on St Patrick's Day,
Page 79 and 80:
72 such as these were part of the a
Page 81 and 82:
74 march through main streets, besi
Page 83 and 84:
76 effective. 31 The Orange Institu
Page 85 and 86:
increased sectarian tension between
Page 87 and 88:
80 flow. The Irish were only 3.5% o
Page 89 and 90:
again, nativism was prevalent and a
Page 91 and 92:
84 and priestly life. The L.O.I. in
Page 93 and 94:
86 A common theme in these two issu
Page 95 and 96:
88 situation and the married men on
Page 97 and 98:
90 enduring attachment to their pri
Page 99 and 100:
total abstinence pledge. Also among
Page 101 and 102:
the Presbyterian Church."60 This wa
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96 Master of the Orange Lodge. 69 T
Page 105 and 106:
like 'helpless victims adorned for
Page 107 and 108:
100 that he had never been there. C
Page 109 and 110:
who managed to gather sizeable audi
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104 1900, 200 pamphlets expOSIng th
Page 113 and 114:
106 of the running sores of bigotry
Page 115 and 116:
Protestantism. 108 Shepherd's main
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110 many Protestants who had Cathol
Page 119 and 120:
112 was given full attention by the
Page 121 and 122:
New Zealand also had its own instit
Page 123 and 124:
116 The L.O.1. did not have much su
Page 125 and 126:
118 Anti-Catholicism was transporte
Page 127 and 128:
120 the pursuit of solidarity withi
Page 129 and 130:
C Rituals and Laws of the L.O.I. an
Page 131 and 132:
! 124 CHINIQUY, Charles, Forty Year
Page 133 and 134:
126 CRONIN, Sean, Irish Nationalism
Page 135 and 136:
128 KEALEY, Gregory S., Toronto Wor
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130 B Articles. ANON., 'Hibernian C
Page 139:
133 MOORES, Harold S., 'The Rise of
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