TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS - University of Canterbury

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7 employers demanded more labourers but were not happy with the quality of the immigrants who came. 21 The important legislation for immigrants coming to New Zealand was the Immigration and Public Works Act passed in September 1870. This Act had two features that were relevant to the Irish. Firstly, because there were an excess number of males arriving in New Zealand, the government offered free passage for single women. Secondly, the Act used a system of nominated immigration which effectively meant that colonists could bring out friends and relatives. 22 Nomination was favoured by the Irish in general because they were eager to escape the widespread economic poverty in Ireland. During this 'Vogel period' the Irish made their most notable impression on New Zealand as a proportion of the total population. (See Table 2). Table 2- The Irish-born Population of New Zealand, 1861-1911. Year No. % of N .Z. Pop. 1861 8831 8.9 1871 29,733 11.6 1881 49,363 10.1 1891 47,634 7.6 1901 43,524 5.6 1911 40,958 4.1 Source: New Zealand censuses, 1861 - 1911. This period of heavy immigration was dominated by the influx of young Irish males. ''They worked hard in mines, in clearing bush, on the roads, and when they came to town they drank hard and scared people. And that is the picture of the Irish that became fixed in the popular mind. oo23 These young Irish males tended to either leave New Zealand or get married and settle down. By 1890, there was a sharp decline in Irish immigration to New Zealand. This was attributable to the abolition of the assistance schemes in 1890. New Zealand was distant from Ireland which meant that the passage was expensive. It was no longer a favourable destination because the Irish were generally poorer than the other 21Richard P. Davis, Irish Issues in New Zealand Politics 1868-1922, Dunedin, University of Otago Press, 1974, p. 25. 22Ibid., pp. 26-27. l 230p. cit., Akenson, Half the World from Home, p. 53 .
8 migrants. 24 As there was no longer an influx of Irish males coming to New Zealand, the Irish population aged. The Irish progressed from being the least skilled and youngest in the Vogel era to being the oldest and most settled of all the immigrant groups from the British Isles by World War 1. 25 * * * The Irish in New Zealand have received very little recognition from New Zealand historians until recently. The most notable monograph for many years was Richard P. Davis' Irish Issues in New Zealand Politics 1868-1922. 26 Davis discussed the theme of the local support for Irish independence and Catholic demands for state aid for their schools. He dealt with the way in which these issues influenced New Zealand politics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The main personalities on the Catholic side were the Catholic bishops Moran and Redwood who espoused the issues of Home Rule for Ireland and state aid to the Catholic educational system. Hugh Laracy's work on the Catholic Bishop of Dunedin, Patrick Moran, sketched the significance of this major ecclesiastical figure in New Zealand history. Moran's involvement in the politics of Home Rule for Ireland and the seeking of state aid for the Catholic education system brought these issues into public debate. Moran's polemics in both the secular arena and the ecclesiastical scene were highlighted by Laracy.27 The work of Peter O'Connor covers a similar theme to Laracy in that both dealt with the Catholic 24Ibid., pp. 24-25. 25Ibid .. p. 53. 26see R.P. Davis, The Irish Catholic Question and New Zealand Society 1868-1922', Otago University, Ph.D., 1968. See also Davis' articles on the Irish- 'Irish immigrant culture in New Zealand', Threshold, no. 20, Autumn and Winter, 1966/67; 'Labour's "Irish campaign"', 1916-1921.', Political Science, vol. 19, no. 2, December 1967; 'Sir George Grey and Irish Nationalism', New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 1, no. 2, October 1967; 'Sir Robert Stout and the Irish question, 1879-1921', Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, vol. 12, no. 47, October 1966. 27Hugh M. Laracy, The Life and Context of Bishop Patrick Moran', Victoria University of Wellington, M.A., 1964. See also Laracy's articles- 'Paranoid Popery: Bishop Moran and Catholic Education in New Zealand', New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 10, April 1976; 'Bishop Moran; Irish Politics and Catholicism in New Zealand', Journal of Religious History, vol. 6, no. I, June 1970.
Page 1 and 2: TRANSPLANTED IRISH INSTITUTIONS: OR
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Tables Abbreviations
Page 5 and 6: ii ABBREVIATIONS A.1.H.R. Appendice
Page 7 and 8: iv ABSTRACT This thesis is a social
Page 9 and 10: 2 Ulster was greatly influenced by
Page 11 and 12: Cullen had so assiduously nurtured,
Page 13: 6 family. To further his argument h
Page 17 and 18: disruption, and political frustrati
Page 19 and 20: 12 The Irish Protestants as a group
Page 21 and 22: 14 In Chapters 2 and 3 the L.O.I. a
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2. 16 "WE WILL MAINTAIN": O
Page 25 and 26: 18 organizations. The corporate sen
Page 27 and 28: 20 Even though the Peep O'Day Boys
Page 29 and 30: 22 lodges were responsible to one I
Page 31 and 32: 24 environment and his homeland. Fe
Page 33 and 34: 26 Further changes to the clarity o
Page 35 and 36: 28 The Black lodges were founded in
Page 37 and 38: 30 manner. .,59 The lodge referred
Page 39 and 40: 32 The Orange cause is booming stro
Page 41 and 42: 34 achieved in the United States of
Page 43 and 44: 36 A sense of the numerical presenc
Page 45 and 46: 38 supporters. 85 This episode illu
Page 47 and 48: 40 The Orangemen did indeed assert
Page 49 and 50: 42 required. IOI There was also a D
Page 51 and 52: 44 The L.O.I. and the H.A.C.B.S. we
Page 53 and 54: "Robin Hood and his merrie men."9 T
Page 55 and 56: 48 the avowed aims of the Defenders
Page 57 and 58: 50 have any secret passwords or sig
Page 59 and 60: 52 deputies elected by District Boa
Page 61 and 62: Friend, having exprcssed your willi
Page 63 and 64: 56 New Zealand Tablet in 1873 the H
Page 65 and 66:
58 reinforced the importance of the
Page 67 and 68:
60 The Catholic Church interfered i
Page 69 and 70:
62 march alone, (they marched with
Page 71 and 72:
64 importance.3 The ritual parade e
Page 73 and 74:
66 North Island which developed the
Page 75 and 76:
68 Orange-Nassau. Orange was a prin
Page 77 and 78:
70 In Auckland on St Patrick's Day,
Page 79 and 80:
72 such as these were part of the a
Page 81 and 82:
74 march through main streets, besi
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76 effective. 31 The Orange Institu
Page 85 and 86:
increased sectarian tension between
Page 87 and 88:
80 flow. The Irish were only 3.5% o
Page 89 and 90:
again, nativism was prevalent and a
Page 91 and 92:
84 and priestly life. The L.O.I. in
Page 93 and 94:
86 A common theme in these two issu
Page 95 and 96:
88 situation and the married men on
Page 97 and 98:
90 enduring attachment to their pri
Page 99 and 100:
total abstinence pledge. Also among
Page 101 and 102:
the Presbyterian Church."60 This wa
Page 103 and 104:
96 Master of the Orange Lodge. 69 T
Page 105 and 106:
like 'helpless victims adorned for
Page 107 and 108:
100 that he had never been there. C
Page 109 and 110:
who managed to gather sizeable audi
Page 111 and 112:
104 1900, 200 pamphlets expOSIng th
Page 113 and 114:
106 of the running sores of bigotry
Page 115 and 116:
Protestantism. 108 Shepherd's main
Page 117 and 118:
110 many Protestants who had Cathol
Page 119 and 120:
112 was given full attention by the
Page 121 and 122:
New Zealand also had its own instit
Page 123 and 124:
116 The L.O.1. did not have much su
Page 125 and 126:
118 Anti-Catholicism was transporte
Page 127 and 128:
120 the pursuit of solidarity withi
Page 129 and 130:
C Rituals and Laws of the L.O.I. an
Page 131 and 132:
! 124 CHINIQUY, Charles, Forty Year
Page 133 and 134:
126 CRONIN, Sean, Irish Nationalism
Page 135 and 136:
128 KEALEY, Gregory S., Toronto Wor
Page 137 and 138:
130 B Articles. ANON., 'Hibernian C
Page 139:
133 MOORES, Harold S., 'The Rise of
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